Concordanoe (Lat. concordcmH(B\ a book contain- ing the words in the Holy Scriptures, in alphabetical order, with their context more or less fully given, and a designation by chapter and verse of the places in which they are to be found. (See Glanchius, De tuu Concor- dantiarum BiMicarum, Lips. 1668.) While the Scrip- tures remained in manuscript, or were not divided into sections and paragraphs, indexes of their words and phrases*could neither be formed nor used. As soon as any regular divisions began to be made, the importance of concordances, or alphabetical indexes, was felt, and learned men devoted their labors to form them. The first concordances were prepared for the Latin Vul- gate. (See below.) See Orme's Bibliotheea BibUca, p. 112 ; Watts's BibHotheca Britcmnica ; Winer's Hand- buck ; Walch, BiUuOh, Theol. iv, 807 ; Rdhr's Kriiische Prediffer-Bibliotheh.lBil ; Meth. Quar, Review, 1847, p. 451 ; Princeton Review^ 1828, p. 471. The following are the most important works of this description.
I. ffebreto. — 1. The first Hebrew concordance was by Rabbi Isaac (or Mordecai) Nathan (q. v.), in 1445. It cost seven years' hard labor by himself and some assistants. It was first printed at Venice in 1524, fol., by Dan. Bomberg, then by Franzoni (ib. 1564, fol.), again by Pesaro (Basle, 1581, fol.), and afterwards at Bome in 1622. It is entirely Hebrew, and entitled Meir NaOdb (S'^nj ^"^Kp), "The Light of the Way." It was translated into Latin by A. Reuchlin (BasiL 1556, fol., 1569, 4to), but both the Hebrew and the Latin editions are fiall of errors.
2. These errors were fbr the most part odrrected aai other deficiencies supplied by Mario di Calawlo (q. ?.), a-Franciscan friar, who published ConeordamUa Sotr, BibL Hebr, et Latin, (Romn, 1621, 4 vols. foL), repsb. lished in London under the direction of W. Rmn«i» (1747-9, 4 vols, fol.), under the patronage of nil tk monarchs in Europe, not excepting the pqpe hlmgelf.
8. Coneordandm Bibl. EbraiaB, nooa et cerlifiam. methodo ditpoiita (Basil. 1682, foL), by John Buxtod, the father, but published by his son. It takes for ia basb the work o^Babbi Nathan, thon^ it is mndi better arranged, more correctly printed, the roots men distinctly ascertained, and the meanings more aoca* rately given ; but as the references are made by He- brew letters, and relate to the rabbinical divisioiu of the Old Testament, it is of little service, unless the student is familiar with the Masoretic system. This work was abridged under the title of Fans LeomU, etc (Berolini, 1677, 8vo). A new edition of BoxtorTs Beb. Concordance, by B&r, has lately been pabUsbed (Slet- tini,1861sq.,4to).
4. Before the republication of Calasio there appear- ed Chr. Nolde's (q. v.) CcmObr, pariiculanmm eItbbo- Ckaldaicartm (Hafh. 1679, 4to : an editicm seems U have been begun in 1675, fol., but this never saw th« light). This concordance contains the particles, or in- declinable words, omitted in former (as well as later) concordances. The best edition of Nolde is that fay Tympe (Jena, 1784, 4to). It contains, as an appen- dix, a Lexicon of the Hebrew Particles, by John Hen- ry Michaelis and Christ. Koerber.
5. But the best, or at least to the English reader most important work up to the present century on this sub- ject is 7%« Bebrev Concordance, adapted to tike EngHtk BUUe, diipoeed after the wunmer ofBvxtorf, by John Taylor, D.D. (London, 1754, 2 vols. fol.). It was the friiit of many years* labor, and sdll has its value.
6. An edition of BuxtorTs Hebrenc Coneordann, which has received so much care and attention on tbs part ot the editor as nearly to deserve the name of a new work— i7ie6rdwc^ wad Chalddiecke Concordan tM den heiliffen Schriften du alten Testamentg^ by Dr. Ja- lins Forst (Leipsig, 1840, foL), offers one of the most useful aids to the study of the Bible that has ever sp- peared. In addition to those of a more medianical kind, such as a good type and clear arrangement, then are, 1. A corrected text, founded on Hahn*s Vanitr^ hooght; 2. The Rabbinical significaUons^ 3. Explaaa- tions in Latin, giving the etymology of the KabbiD- ical; illustrations from the three Greek verBioas,^ Aramaic Paraphrase, the Vulgate, etc. ; the Greek words employed by the Seventy as renderings of the Hebrew ; together with philological and archieological notices, so as to make the Concordance *Mmtiin a brief Hebrew lexicon.
7. The EngUihman's Htbrew and Chaldee Coneord- once, edited by G.Y. Wigram (Lond. 1848, 2 to1s.8vo), is an original and exceedingly useful work, and re- markably accurate. It gives the Hebrew words m their order, but quotes the passages in which they oc- cur fh>ro the common English Bible. It contains the first complete list of the Heb. prq>er names ever made. It deserves to be more extensively known and used. Its high price is a serious check to its drcolation.
8. Aaron Pick, The Bible Stndente Coneordemoi (Lond. 1845, 8vo), a work of little account to scholars.
9. W. Wilson, The Bible Strndente Hebrew (hade (Lond. 1860, 4to), equally toief and insufficient.
Other and earlier Heb. Concordances are : BabU Anschel, tlSTbBrr n23*^)3 (a vocabularv, with refcr- ences to passages, Cracow, 1581, 4to, and later) ; Cri- ne8ius,Comx>rdan<»0.£&ra»OT(yitemb.l627,4to); lay- man, Concordantia Ebrcto-eacra^ etc. (1681, fol.) ; Tros- tius, Concordantia Chaldaica (Vltemb. 1617, 4to).
II. Greek Concordancet.^a) To the Stptnc^ini.^'L Conrad Kircher, Concordantia Veteris Tat€tme»ti Cr^