CRYPTCKJAL. CONTROVERSY S07
CRYSTAL
Bse crypto were often called by the lume etmfemo, the Bomanesqne period the name ciypt wob re- med. In the churches of this period, the crypt ex- ided under the high altar and back under the entire olr or apsia, sometimes even including the space nn- rtho transept. This crypt formed almost a separate arch, and cansed the floor above it of the main body the church to be raised higher than that of the nave, which the audience had access. Churches founded the latter part of the Bomanesque period, and there- ter, had no crypts. The reason of their disappear- ice from church architecture is not well understood. •LQbke, Gtichiehte der ArchiUhtur; Rich, DicUonary ^ Greek and Roman AniiquUiee. Crypto-Calvlnistio Controveniy, the name iven to a dispute within the Lutheran Church of Ger- lany (1552-1574) concerning the doctrine of the Lord's upper. The followers of the Melancthonian doctrine, t distingnished firom the strict Lutherans, were styled rypto-CaivinUU (also Philippists, Melancthonians). 1. Melancthon, it is well known, earnestly desired union of the Lutheran and Calvinistic divisions of le Protestant body. His tendency towards the Cal- inistic view of the Lord*s Supper was early shown in le difference between the Augsburg Confessio invari- ta (1580) and the vmiata (15^). In the former, art. , dt cctna Domim, it is stated that the '^body and lood of Christ are truly present in the Lord's Supper In the form of bread and wine), and are there distrib- ted and received (distribuunturvevcen^i&iM); therefore be opposite doctrine is rejected.* ' In the variata (Lat- Q of 1540) the reading is ** cum pctne et vino vere exki- entur corpus et sanguis Christi vesoentibus in ccena )ominL** The condemnation of the ** opposite doc- rine,** i. e. the Zwinglian, is omitted. Tliis altera- ion did not meet the approbation of Luther, who nev- rtheless tolerated Melancthon's change of doctrine. )ut many Lutherans (e. g. Flacius, q. v.) were less olerant; and during Melancthon's lifetime he was teld by many to be a concealed (crypto-) Calvinist. rhe truth seems to be fairly stated by Hase, as fol- ows: *^Aa Melancthon was convinced that neither Luther's nor Calvin's doctrine of the sacrament was m insuperable bar to saving communion with Christ, le thought he might allow both of them to continue n the Church. But when the doctrine of the omni- presence of Christ's body (ubiquity, q. v.) was pro- posed as the only saving basis of the Holy Supper, uid made, by Brentz (see Brbntiub), the law of the Church in WOrtemberg, he expressed disapprobation ^ such novel doctrines in provincial Latin being in- troduced into the symbols of fkith" (jOkurch Hittory, % 850). Melancthon and Luther never quarrelled on the subject; but the controversy, even during Melanc- thon's lifetime, began to be bitter. He did not live, however, to see the fierce strife which finally arose on the subject within the bosom of the Church (died
% But the controversy, as such, began in the year 1552, when Joachfan Westphal, a preacher in Ham- burg, proclaimed the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's Supper hereticaL The controversy was especially violent at Bremen, between Tilemann Heshusius and Albert Hardenberg, cathedral preacher, who acted for the Calvinistic doctrine, and it went on until Harden- herg was dismissed from his position. Shortly after Heshusius shared a like fiite. In 1558 Heshusius was o^e general superintendent at Heidelberg, and he soon detected ' * Crypto-Calvinism" in deacon Wilhelm ^bitz. In both cities Lutheranism was finally ex- pelled, and Frederick III, elector of the Pakitinate, went over to the Reformed Church. In WOrtemberg Brentz urged the ultra-Lutheran doctrine (see above) ; b«t Christopli, duke of WOrtemberg, endeavored to al- ^y the strife, and finally succeeded, in 1561, at the FOrsteotag (Diet of Princes) at Naumburg, in obtain- ^ the recognition of Uie (tUered Augsburg Confession.
The doctor Frederick III of the Palathiate withdrew from the controversy, and introduced, in 1563, in Iiis dominions a mixed doctrine of Melancthonian tenden- cy, by the incorporation of the Heidelberg Catechism into the state law.
In the Saxon electorate the Wittenberg and Leip- zig tiieologians undertook a like combination of the doctrines. Kaspar Peucer, son-in-law of Melancthon, Cracow, SchOtz, and Stdssel ; G. Mi^or, P. Eber, Paul Crell, and, later, P. Crudger, Pezel, MoUer, and oth- ers, in their writings, and also in tlie well-known Kat- echesis, favored the view, and these Melancthonian theologians were called Philippists. The Thuringian theologians in Jena, especiaUy Flacius, abo Wigand, Cdlestrin, Kirchner, and others, were strict Lutherans, and bitterly opposed the electorate Saxons. A con- ference between the Wittenberg and Jena theologians was held at Altenburg (October, 1568, to March, 1569), in which very intemperate accusations were made against the Philippists. The rupture was widened. The electoral duke Augustus of Saxony called his the- ologians together in Dresden on the 7-lOth of October, 1571. They agreed upon the Consensus Dresdensis and the Wittenberg Caieclusm, which opposed the doctrine of ubiquity, but used Lutheran language in moderate terms, Melancthonian in spirit; for the time it was thought that the strife was ended. But in 1574 ap- peared an anonymous work entitied Exegeds perspicua d ferme integra controversias de sacra ccma, which strongly advocated the Calvinistic view of the Sup- per. (It has been shown by Heppe, Gesckickte des deutsch. Prot. ii, 468, that this work was written by the physician Joachim Cureus [died 1578], and was not originally intended tor publication.) The work caused a bitter renewal of the controversy, and the elector determined to suppress Calvinism, and he de- posed or imprisoned the leaders, and commanded sub- scription to the Confession of Torgau (May, 1574). Peucer was imprisoned for twelve years. In 1586 the elector died, and his son. Christian I, succeeded him. Chancellor Nicolas Crell (q. v.) and others influenced him to fitvor the Calvinistic view. After his death, the duke Frederick William of Saxe- Weimar, who was regent, put down Philippism by brute force, even executing Crell in 1601. See L5scher, Histor, motu- icm, 1728; Hep|to, GesM^kte des deutschen Protestant- ismusy 1852, 2 vols. ; Zeitschr,/. d. hist, Tkeol. 1865, iv; Gieseler, Church Bistory (Smith's), iv, § 87, 88 ; Gass, Geschichte dprot, Theol. i, 68 sq. ; Hagenbach, History of Doctrines, § 215 ; Herzog, lUal-Encyldop. viii, 127.