CmsitUi, Christiah August, a German theolo- gian, was bom at Lenna, near Merseburg, January 10, 1715. He studied at Leipzic, where he afterwards be- came profiBSSor of philosophy in 1744, of theology in 1750, and primarius of theology in 1757. He died October 18, 1775. Dissatisfied with the existing phU- osophical systems, he attempted a new one, which he sought to bring into harmony with orthodox theology. The school which he represented in Leipzig may be designated by the name of a Philosophico-Biblical Realism. As a philosopher, he was one of tlie most important opponents of the idealism and mechanism of the Leibnitz-Wolfiian philosophy, while, as a Bible theologian, he maintained the historical and literal as opposed to an exclusively spiritualistic exegesis. In moraU " he drew his conclusions, not from tbe con- ceptions of the intellect, but the suggestions of the will and conscience. He derived the notion of duty firom moral necessity or MigaHon, He asserted the free-agency of the human mind (which he contempla- ted principally in a negative point of view, i. e. as un- influenced by physical or material laws), and devel- oped the formal conditions of our fkee-wiU actions and the motives of them. The principle of a moral law led him to that of a moral Governor and Legislator, and consequently to the hypothesis which ascribes all moral obligations and laws to the divine authority, deducing, as the schoolmen had done, the principles of morals ftom the will of God. That which is con- sistent with the nature of the divine perfections, and accords with the designs of God, is good, and becomes obligatory on all rational beings. God demands of hb rational creation, in the first place, that they should
be good ; and also wills their hRppineas as a quence of virtoe" (Tennemann). His principal are : Logik o. d, Weg s. Gmoittkeit tc Z^tferidmrngkiii men$chiidkm ErbemUniss (Lps. 1747; 2d ed. 176S;-; £| wurf d, noihcenSgen VemmftwaMuHem (JLpt, \'i 8d ed. 1766); Anweitimg, vem6n/Ug z. Ubem (ijgs.Y4 3d ed. 176^; AnleUung, it, naturlicke BegAaAa^i dentlieh u, ftonidutig naehsudmken (Lpz. 1749, 2 t4 1772); Begrifd.chritUickmMoraltkeolo^(ljpLr:^ 2 vols.). See Pierer, Univenal-Lexihtm, s. v.; £^ nis, German Proietkmtigm (Edinb. 1856, ISmo, p.lC DeUtzsch, Die lnbliih-fropketi$cke Theoto^ie, On f« bildvnff dnreh Ckr^naitu, etc (Lpz. 1845); Tm mann. Manual Him.PkU. § 868.
CTryer, Thomas, a Wesleyan mlBsionaiy of xzr ety and usefulness, was bom at Bingley, in Torb^ in 1800. At 20 he was converted, and was called i^ the ministry about seven years after, and labond fei few months in an English circuit. He was theo if pointed a missionary to India, and embarked for i^ country in 1829. For 22 years he labored for the U vation of the heathen, and his name will be kaf 1 membered in the East. In spite of oppoaitics] u of the long delay of prosperity, which is tbe gm and peculiar trial of the Eastern misslonaiy— m v^ of the most acute personal and family ~
heart was undaunted and his faith nnsabdued. F4 of his fellow-missionaries excelled him in power of i teranoe, in the adroitness and effect with whk^ be posed the sophisms of the Brahmin, or in seardmif persuasive appeals to the conscience. He ^ detenniife^ ] to know nothing but Christ and him crudfied." %^ a minister could hardly £ul of winning soids; ta£ ' many will be the crown of his rejoicing in tin ikjd | Jesus Christ, not only firom among the natives of b- | dia, but also from among the Europeans resSdeat h i that country. He died of cholera, October b, 1^1- I Wethgan ifrntilei , 1858. ,
Crypt (Gr. K^vmny *> conceaied place ; LaL eryts; | Fr. crypte),
I. Among the ancient Greeks and ^irmnm-nm ^ crgi was primarily a long, narrow gallery, above tbe krtl of the ground, surrounding a court-yard, and hsriii walls on both of its sides, with windows in the wall ^ ing the court. These ciypts had often a portico Iwsf them or running between them and the opea eosiL They served as a place of promenade daring the list ar wet weather, and were finally so extensively used dut they were even built for the ofiioers near tbe Pistons camps in Bome. Crypts similar in constractifln vsi location were built for storing wines, vegetablM, aai other articles, like the modem subterranean ceDsx. When all the windows were dosed they were dark asd cool, and hence tbe word was applied even bj tbe aa- cients to any dark and long chamber or passage, at tbe dark stables where horses were kept under tbe ampii> theatre, the doaea maxima at Rome, tbe tunad at Naples, and to a grotto whero Quartilla ofleied sacri- fice.
II. The word ergpt was aj^ed by tbe eaiiy Cfari»- tians to those subterranean burial-places which wtn afterwards called Catacombs (q. v.). The term was la- ter limited to the larger chambers in the Cataconlv where one or more martyrs were buried. These orpb were larger than the other rooms in theCataootabSy'sad were often ornamented, and devoted to divine worsbip. For this purpose they were double, one pari mrm^ for the men and the other for the women, wi& mmH antechambers for the catechumens. Some <if tbcse crypts had openings into the fields above.
III. When persecution ceased, and Chxistians boSt church edifices above ground, the custom was mAoftbei of placing the remains of martyrs — later of archfaUi- ops, bishops, abbots, and other high church offidak— ia crypts under the intersection of the cross in the pbn of the chureh. In the BasOican period of ardUtectne