be much known in cither conn try ♦ The Talmudists (J/<uj*er. i, 4 ; TerumtHh, ii, 6; vi, 6 : BfM Mtz. vii, 5) have TV^-p, and the F^hcenicians had tho word Kor«crc^£^ap (Dioi5C. iv, I5'2}, which is prolmbly fi<tt3p n X'S, ' * cue utn \.^J of Egy pi" = <r it: i n^ dypioQ, The anniET name for cucumbei exL^ta in all toy;nate lanyruagps. (For an account of the cucumljers of Syria and K^ypt^ see Forskal, Fhjra .-Egtjpt. p*. 169? Celsii i/wrroiKiMi, 249.) See BoT^isir,
All travellers in tho East notice the ex- tensive cultivation and consumption of cu- cumbers and other vegetables of the same tribe, especially where there is any moisture of soil, or the possibility of irrigation (see Burckhardt, Ara- bic Proverbs^ No. 660). Thus, even in the driest parts, the neighborhood of a well is often occupied by a field of cucurbitaceous plants, generally with a man or boy set to guard it from plunder, perched up on a temporary scaffolding, with a slight protection from the sun, where he may himself be safe from the attacks of the more powerful wild animals. That such plants appear to have been similarly cultivated among the Hebrews is evident ftx)m Isa. i, 8, " The daughter of Zion is left like a cottage in a vineyard, like a lodge in a garden ofcucwnbeni" (m^jD«, mih- 8hah\ Sept. aucuripaTov), as well as ftt)m Baruch vi, 70, "as a scarecrow in a garden ofcucumbert (aucvfjpa- rov) keepeth nothing, so are their gods of wood."— Kitto. See Garden ; Cottaoe.
Cud OTjft, gerah\ ruminaticn\ the pellet of half- chewed food brought up from the first stomach of ru- minant animals to be thoroughly masticated (Lev. xi, 8-7, 26; Dent, xiv, 6-8). See Clean (animals),
Cttdworih, Ralph, an eminent English divine and philosopher, was bom at Aller, Somersetshire, in 1617, and entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1680, became M.A. 1689, rector of N. Cadbury 1641, and master of Clare Hall 1644. In 1646 he became professor of Hebrew j in 1654, master of Christ Col-
CUDWORTH
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CULDEES
lege; !n 1662, vicar of ABhwell; and in 1678,prebeD- duy of Gloucester. He died in 1688. Cudworth was a Platonist, of "great stzength of genius and vast compass of learning.*' His reputation as a writer rests chiefly on his True InteUectual Sjfttem of the Urn- verm, which appeared in 1678 as the first part of a still greater work which he never completed. It is a de- fence of human liberty, and of belief in God, against fatalism and atheism. Cudworth describes three false systems or hypotheses of the universe in the pre&ce : ** Of the three fatalisms or false hypotheses of the uni- verse mentioned in the beginning of this book, one is absolute atheism, another immoral theism, or religion without any natural justice and morality (all just and unjust, according to this hypothesis, being mere theti- cal or factitious things, made by arbitrary will and command only) ; the third and last such a theism as acknowledges not only a God or omnipotent under- standing Being, but also natural justice and morality, founded in him, and derived ftrom him ; nevertheless, no liberty from necessity anywhere, and therefore no distributive or retrilmtive justice in the world." Be- fore erecting the true intellectual system of the uni- verse (the epithet inteUectual being used, as he tells us, ^*to distinguish it from the other, vulgarly so call- ed, systems of the world, that is, the visible and cor- poreal world, the Ptolemaic, Tychonic, and Copemi- can"), it was his object to demolish these false systems. And the first of them, atheism, or the atheistic fate, is demolished in the first part of the *^ Intellectual Sys- tem.'* It is a work of great leamfaig and acuteness. In attacking the atheistic faith, Dr. Cudworth de- scribee the atomic physiology, which, as held by De- mocritus, and other ancient philosopers, involved atheism. For the better confutation of other forms of atheism, to which he gives the names Hylozoic and Cosmo-plastic, he makes the hypothesis of an *^ arti- ficial, regular, and plastic nature," working in com- plete subordination to the Deity. And to avert an argument brought against the oneness of the Deity, fh)m its unnaturalness as shown by the general preva^ lence of polytheism among the pagan nations, he con- tends that " the pagan theologers all along acknowl- edged one sovereign and omnipotent Deity, from which all their other gods were generated or created," and that their polytheism was but a polyonymy of one God. The Treatise on Eternal and Immutable Moralitjf cor- responds to the second part of the Intellectual System. It is directed against Hobbee and those who, with him, " affirm justice and injustice to be only by law, and not by nature." Besides the Intellectual System^ Cud- worth published, 1. A Discourse concerning the true No- tion qf the Lord^s Supper^ in which he maintains, as Warburton has since maintained, that the Lord's Sup- per is a feast upon a sacrifice :— ^2. The Union of Christ and the Church Shadowed: — 8. A Sermon on John u, 8, 4, preached in 1647 before the House of Commons : —4. A Sermon preached in 1664 at Lincoln's Inn on 1 Cor. XV, 57 : — 5. Deus Justificatus against the Assertors of absolute and unconditional Beprobation, He left several works in MS., only one of which has yet been published, namely, the TrecUise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morcikg (1781). The rest are, 1. ^ Dis- course of Moral Good and Eril:—2. A Discourse of Uherty and NecessUg, in fchich the Grounds of the Athe- istical PhUosophg are conftted, and Morality vindieaied and explained .*--8. A Commentary on DanieVs Prophecy of the /Seventy Weeks:— 4. Of the Verity of the Christian Religion against the Jews: — 6. A Discourse of the Crea- tion of the World and Immortality of the Soul: — 6. A Treatise on Hebrew Learning: — 1, An Explanation of ffobbes's Notion of God, and of the Extension qf Spir- its. These MSS. are now in the British Museum. In 1788 a Latm translation of the InteUectual System was published by Mosheun (Lugd. Bat. 2 vols. 4to). The best ed. of the English work is Harrison's (London, 1845, 8 vols. 8vo, with index). A good and che^ edi-