ally join the crusades, but were represented by le- gates, the system of papal legates was developed, which became in the hands of the popes a powerf\il weapon for ei^tailing the jurisdiction of archbishops and bish- ops. The origin of bishops m pctrHbm infidelium can also be traced to the crusades. The raising of im- mense armies was a good pretext for the popes to ex- tort large sums of money from princes and nations. The warlike enthusiasm against the Mohammedans kindled the popular fanaticism against all heretics, and stimulated* the bloody persecutions of the Cathari, Waldenses, and other sects in Western Europe.
The influence of the crusades upon scientific the- ology was only indirect. The better acquaintance with the philosophical and theological literature of the Greek Church and the Mohammedans could but yield a favorable influence. In particular, the study of Aristotle was greatly promoted by the crusades, and several of his works were then first made known in the western countries of Europe. See Chambers, Cy- dopadiOj s. v. ; Brockhaus, ConveraaHonS'Lex, ix, 76 ; Christian Bemembrancer^ xliv, 5 ; Herzog, Recd-Ency- hlop, viii, 68 ; Mosheim, Church Higtory, ii, 112, 141, 238, etc.; Milman, Latin ChrUHonity, vol. iv; Wilken, Geschichte der Kreuzzuge (Leips. 1807-28, 4 vols.) ; Mi- chaud, Histoire des Croisadea (Paris, 1825 ; translated by Robson, London, 8 vols. 12mo, 1864) ; Mills, His- tory of the Crusades (Lond. 1828, 4th ed. 2 vols. 8vo) ; Keightley, The Crusades (London, 1847, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Hume, History of England^ i, 226 et al. ; ii, 60 et al. ; Hase, Ch. Hist, p. 196, 220, 269 ; Sybel, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Leipsic, 1841) ; Kugler, Studien zur Geschichte des zweiten Kreuzzuges (Stuttgardt, 1866). A list of writers on the subject is given by Michaud, Bibliotheque des Croisades (Paris, 1830, 4 vols.).
Cruse. This now obsolete English word denotes a small vessel for holding water or other liquids. Three Hebrew words are thus translated in the A. Y. See Cup.
1* ^?9:2, tsd^opach^ath Qit, something spread out), is applied to a utensil (usually considered b. flash, but more probably a shallow cup) for holding water (1 Sam. xxvi, 11, 12, 16 ; 1 Kings xix, 6) or oil (1 Kings xvii, 12, 14, 1^. Some clew to the nature of this ves- sel is perhaps afforded by its mention as being full of water at the head of Saul when on his night expedi- tionj-afler David (1 Sam. xxvi, 11, 12, 16), and also of Elijah (1 Kings xix, 6). In a similar case in the pres- ent day this would be a ^^bular vessel of blue porous clay — the orduiaiy Gaza pottery-^bout nine inches diameter, with a neck of about three inches long, a small handle below the neck, and opposite the handle a straight spout, with an orifice about the size of a straw, through which the water is drunk or sucked. The form is common also m Spain, and will be famil- iar to many from pictures of Spanish life. A similar globular vessel probably contained the oil of the wid- ow of Zarephath (1 Kings xvii, 12, H 16)- For the "box" or **hom" in which the consecrated oil was carried on special occasions, see Oil. Some writers have supposed that the cruse of water mentioned in the first passage (wh6n Saul's life was spared by Da- vid) was a clepsydra, or one of those water-watch measures used by the ancients, by which time was
Modem Oriental Travelling Fluki.
CRUSE
596
CRYPT
measured by the fidUng of water from one ressel into another, the nndermoet vessel containing a piece of cork, the different altitudes of which, as it gradually rose upon the rising water, marked the progri^ of time. Bat we can iiardly suppose that such time- measures were known at that early period. It is usual for persons in the East in the present day, when they travel, to take with them a flask for holding wa- tei', and also, when they sleep in the open air, to have a small vessel of water within their reach (Thomson, Land and Book, il, 21). These flasks are- of various forms, and are sometimes covered with a wicker-case, See Dish.
2. pil21pS, hakbuk' (from the gurgling sound in emp- tying), perhaps a bottle (as it is translated m Jer. xix, 1, 10) for holding any liquid, as honey (1 Kings xiv, 8), but more probably a prrcHSB (q. v.).
8. n'^Hb:!, t$elo<Aith^ (1^^ ^^^ "^^ which fluids are poufed (m£)\ tLplaUer (2 Kings ii, 20). This was prob- ably a flat metal saucer of the form still common in the East. It occurs in 2 Kings ii, 20, ** cruse ;** xxi, 18, "dish;" 2 Chron. xxxv, 13, "pan;" also Prov. xix, 24 ; xkvi, 16, where the figure is obscured by the choice of the word " bosom." See Pan ; Platter, etc.
Crosd, CHRianAiT F., D.D., a minister of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church, was bom June 27, 1794, in Philadelphia, of Lutheran parentage. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, and graduated Jan. 10, 1815, with distinguished honors. He was appoint- ed professor in the University in 1881, and resigned in 1833. He was ordained by bishop White about 1822 ; became rector of Trinity Parish, Fishkill, N.T., in April, 1846, but resigned the cure in 1851, and after- fi^rds had no parish. He soon jafter removed to the General Theological Seminary, where, as librarian, he had ample opportunities for those studies in which he was so successful. In the ancient languages— Syriac, Hebrew, and Greek — ^Dr. Crus^ was very well inform- ed. He translated and edited Ensebius's Cfturcft ffit- tory, and his edition is the best in English. He died in New York October 5, 1865.— CfturcA Review, Janua- ry, 1866.