CURATE
608
CURE
He held the Grotian view of the atonement, hot (see Atonemsnt) set special emphasis upon the sacrificial character of the death of Christ in its re&renoe to God as well as to man, asserting that Christ made satisfac- tion for sin, but not by enduring the whole punish- ment due to sinners {IntUt. lib. v, chap, xviii, xix). As to the Trinity, he held that Christ and the Holy Spirit are divine, but that both Son and Spirit are sub- > ordinate to the Father, fh)m whom they receive both existence and divinity {InttU, EeHg, ChHd, lib. ii, cap. xix). — CurcellfBus, Opera (as cited above); Hagen- bach, History of Doctrines, ii, § 236, 268 ; Domer, Doc- trine of the Person qf Christ (Edinb. transl.), div. ii, vol. ii, 850 sq. ; Bull, Defence of the Nicene Creed (Lib. of Angl. Cath. Theology), i, 81 sq.
Curate, literally one who has the cure (Lat. cura, care) of souls, in which sense it is used in tiie Church of England Prayer-book, "all bishops and curates." In the Church of Rome it was originally appropriated to assistants and vicars appointed by the bishops. It is now generally used to denote the humblest degree of ministers in the Church of England. A curate, in this sense, is a minister employed by the incumbent of a church (rector or vicar), either as assistant to him in the same church, or else in a chapel of ease within the parish belonging to the mother church. Ho must be licensed and admitted by the bishop of the diocese, or by an ordinary having episcopal jurisdiction, who also usually appoints his salary. Any curate that has no fixed estate in liis curac}', not being instituted and in- ducted, may be removed at pleasure by the bishop or incumbent. But there are perpetual curates as well as temporary, who are appointed where tithes are im- propriate and no vicarage was ever endowed: these are not removable, and the impropriators are obliged to maintain them. In general, the salaries of curates, certainly the hardest-worked and not the least devoted of the English clergy, are shamefully small, and reform in this matter is urgently required. " This large dass of men are absolutely at the disposal of the bishops ; they have no security whatever, no rights, no powers ; public opinion may protect them to a certain extent, but any bishop who chooses to set public opinion at de- fiance is absolute over the whole class." — Church of England Quarterly Review, April, 1855, p. 25 ; Cham- bers, Encydcp, s. v. ; Hook, Church Dictionary^ s. v.
Cure, Kfi'p'?' "•^'7^' (JcJ*- xxxvi, 6) ; laoiQ (Luke xiii, 32). From the same Heb. root, fi<B'J, rc^ha', to "heal" or cure, is derived nWB*^, riphuik', the art of healing, curing (Prov. iii, 8) ; and niKD*^, rephuoth^^ remedies, medicines (Jer. xlvi, 11 ; Ezek. xxx, 21). The Scriptures make no mention of physicians before the time of Joseph, and then it is E^gyptian, not He- brew physicians that are spoken of. Indeed, it does not appear that physicians were ever much resorted to among the Hebrews, especially for internal maladies. For wounds, bruises, and external injuries, they had physicians or surgeons who understood dressing and binding them, with the application of medicaments (Jer. viii, 22; xlvi, 11; Ezek. xxx, 21); and the Le- vites, it seems fh)m Lev. xiii, 14 ; Deut xx, 2, had pe- culiar duties assigned them, which rendered it neces- sary they should know something of the art of medi- cine. The probable reason of king Asa's not seeking help from God, but from the physicians, was, that they had not recourse to the simple medicines which nature ofiTered, but to certain superstitious rites and incanta- tions ; and this, no doubt, was the ground of the reflec- tion cast upon him (2 Ghron. xvi, 12). The balsam, or balm of Gilead, was particularly celebrated as a medicine (Gen. xxxvii, 26 ; xliii, 11 ; Jer. viii, 22 ; xlvi, 11 ; Ii, 8). That mineral baths were deemed wor- thy of notice, and perhaps from ancient times, we know fh>m JosephuB. See Callirrhoe. Although there can be no doubt that there were physicians in the conn-
tiT when onr Saviour appeared in Palestine, it b e*; dent that the people placed but lit^ ccmfidcnee in tha (Mark v, 26; Luke viii, 43). The Egyptum pfe^ cians, on the other hand, were highly eeteemed. Hi first read of them as being oommanded by Joe^ k embalm the body ofhis&ther Jacob (Gen. 1, 2). R^ states that, during the xyrooeaa of embalming, oertB examinations took place, which enabled thsaa to id the disease of which the deceased had died. W&a- son observes {Ane, Egypt,, 2d ser., ii, 460 sq.^ ^Tka examinations appear to have been miade io oon^fim with an order ftiom the goTemment, as, mcear^aft Pliny (xix, 6), the kings of Egypt had the fao& opened after death to ascertain the natore of tbe^ & eases, by which means alone the remedy far pfadoA oomplahits waa diaoovered. Indeed, it ia reaaoviit to suppose that a people so far advanced as were :k Egyptians in knowledge of all kinda, and wboee mA cal art was so systematically arranged that tb^ la: regulated it by some of the very same laws &lia«& by the most enlightened and skilfiil nations tt & present day, would not have omitted so oaefsl aa » quiry, or have failed to avail themselTes of the wemt which the process adopted for embalming tbe bo^ placed at their disposal And nothing can more de& ly prove their advancement in the atndy crf'haman dis- eases than the fact of their assigning to ea^ his on peculiar branch, under the difiTeient heads of ocsfiss. dentists, those who cured diseases in the bead, tboK who confined themselvei to intestinal complaiDts^ ^ those who attended to secret and internal malsifiea Then: knowledge of drugs, and of their eflfecta, is sa^ ciently shown by the preservation of the mumma^ and the manner in which the intestines and other piitf have been removed from the interior. And sack it the skill evinced in the embalming process, tfaateren medical man of the present day, who witnesses the cr. idence derived fhmi such an examination of the mm- mies, willingly acquiesces in the praise dae to the aUl- ity and experience of the Egyptian embalmen." Sec Embalmikg. There is reason to believe that the ai- cient Egyptians encouraged, or at least profited by, ck growth of numy wild pbuits of the desert, whld vcn useful for medicinal purposes. Many of them are ffl known to the Arabs, as the Sakadora Ptrgica, StS^ tropium tnebrians, Lydum Europaum, Scitta mantmi. Cassia 8enna^ Ochradenus baccatus, Ocimum ZatarheaA, Linaria jEgiff)tiac<i, %)artium monospermum^ Bed^arm Alhagiy Sanio&ta fragraniitsima, Artetnitia Jwiaies (monoeperma and inculta)^ Inula und^Jaia and aispa, Cucumis Colocynikis^ etc ; and many others hare p^b- ably fallen into disuse fxom Uie ignorance of the mod- em inhabitants of the country, who only know tbea from the Arabs, by whom the traditions concenMg their properties are preserved. From what Homer tells us of *'the infinity of drugs produced in Egjpt" {pdy$. ii, 229), the use of **many medicines," men- tioned by Jeremiah, ch. xlvi, 11, and the fluent aBa- sion by Pliny to the medicinal plants of that Gouotrr, we may conclude that the productions of the deset (where those herbs mostly grew) were psrticcUriT prized. See Medicine. The art of medicine was verr ancient in Egypt, and some writers have supposed that Moses, having been instructed in all the learning of the Egyptians, must have known the chief secrets of isf^ icine, a fact which they also infer ^m his accurxte di- agnosis, or indications conoeming diseases. Tboadi the Arabian physicians were in the Middle Ages tk most skilful of their class, medical art in the East hs long sunk into mere empiricism and merited controfC It Is, indeed, in the estimation of the common ptc- ple, of far less utility than the employment of chants for the recovery of health, and is never resorted to till this means has ftiled. Boberts informs as, "Phrsi- cians in England would be perfectly astonished at the numerous kinds of medicine which are administered to a patient in India. The people themselves are rraw&