Cup (usually OiS, hos, prop, a receptacle; N. T. ^ro- TTjpiov, a drinking vessel) denotes originally a wine-cup (Gen. xl, 11-21), various forms of which, of different materials, are delineated on the Egyptian and Assyr- ian monuments. See Wikb. ' The cupe of the Jews, whether of metal or earthenware, were possibly bor- rowed, in point of shape and design, from Egypt and from the Phosnicians, who were celebrated in that branch of workmanship (II. xxiii, 743 ; Od iv, 616, 618). Among the Egyptians the forms of cups and vases were very varied, the paintings upon the tombs representing many of most elegant design, though oth-
Andent Egyptian Drinking- vemtelfl : li 2, 3. Vase, goblet, and cap f^m paintinga; 4. Porcelain; 5. Green earthenware: 8. Cwne pottery; 7. Wood; 8. Arragonlte; 9. Saucer of esrthenware.
ers are equally deficient in the properties of form and proportion. The forms used during the fourth and other early dynasties (1700 B.C.) contmued to be com- mon to a late date (Kenrick, Egyptians of Time of Pha- raohs, Lond. 1867, p. 48). There are not any repre- sentations of cups like the head of an animal (Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces, dd edit p. 215, 216). Many of the Egyptian vases, cups, and bowb were of gold (Herod, ii, 161) and silver (Gen. xliv, 2 ; comp. Num. vti,84),some being richly studded with precious stones, inlaid with vitrefied substances in brilliant colors, and even enamelled. In Solomon's time all his drinking- vessels were of gold, none of silver (1 Kings x, 21). Babylon is compared to a golden cup (Jer. li, 7). As- syrian cups from Khorsabad and Nimroud were of gold and bronze (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 2^ ; Nin. and Bab. p. 161 ; Bonomi, Nineveh, p. 187), as well as of glass and pottery. They were perhaps of Phosnician workmanship, from which source both Solomon and the Assyrian monarch possibly derived both their workmen and the works themselves. The cups and other vessels brought to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar
Ancient Assyrian Cups : 1 and 2. Uon-headed (the latter with handle); 3. Sculptored; 4. Bed pottery; 5. Fahited; 6, 7. Bronze.
may thus have been of Ph<enician origin (Dan. v, 2). See Baitquet. On the bas-reliefs at Persepolis many figures are represented bearing cups or vases, which may fiurly be taken as types of the vessels of that sort described in the book of Esther (Esth. i, 7 ; Niebuhr, Travels, ii, 106 ; Chardin, Voyages, viii, 268, pi. Iviii). The great laver, or " sea," was made with a rim like the edge of a cup (cos), " with flowers of lilies" (1 Kings vi, 26), a form which the Persepolitan cups resemble (Jahn, A rch. § 144). Similar large vases have been found represented at Khorsa- bad (Botta, pi. Ixxvi).
The use of gold and ^'*^® ^"P' ^*?. "P ^"^ ^''°'" ., * . ^ roud).
silver cups was intro- duced into Greece after the time of Alexander (Athen. vi, 229, 280; xi, 446, 466; Birch, Ane. PoU. ii, 109). The cups of the N. T. (tforrr put) were often, no doubt, formed on Greek and Roman models. (See Smith, Diet, of Class. Antiq. s. v. Patera.) They were sometimes of gold (Rev. xvii, 4). — Smith, s. v. ;
Fairbaim, s. v. The com- -^_, ^ a. « *■
mon Ea^;™ drinking-cup is DrtoM-B^-P *»■» PompeU.
of brass, and frequentiy has devices and sometimes sentences from the Koran engraved on the inside (Lane, Mod. Eg. i, 222). As the Moslem law, howev- er, forbids the drinking of wine to good Mohamme- dans, the common beverage in its place is coffee, which is invariably ofi^red to visitors. The coffee (kaiweh, i. e. the drink) is made very strong, and without sugar or milk. The coffee-cup (which is caUed Jmgan) is small, generally holding not quite an ounce and a half
CUP
606
CUP
Modern Oriental Caps.
of liquid. It is of porcelain or Dutch-ware, and, be- ing withont a handle, is placed within another cup
Kalisch, Comment p. 678). In Isa. zxH, 34, the vord transited **cup" is ISiK (a^ffcm^ litezaUy a troo^ fc toaahing garments), and signifies a laver or baain (is ^ is rendered in Exod. xxiv, 6 ; " goblet,'* Cant, m f). The " cup of trembling" (CjD, tapk, elsewhere *■*' bsfia' or ** bowl") signifies a broad convex dU, racfa ai e easily made to rock or vibrate. The ^ caps'* TfSenri to in 1 Chron. xxviii, 17, were the riiltTf? (heaaBiA\ or broad hovoU for libation (elsewhere improperlr rm- dered "covers," Exod. xxv, 29; xxxviii, 16; S^
(called zarf) of silver or brass, according to the cir- 1 iv, 7). Such vessels appear in the bands of the Ai^ cumstances of the owner, and both in shape and size [ Syrian king on the monuments, apparently in festh» nearly* like an egg-cup. In a full service there are ten jingans and zarfs of uniform kinds, and often another ./Sn^on and zarf of a superior kind for the master of the house or for a distingubhed guest. In the accompanying sketch, the coffee - pot {bekreff or hakrag) and the zarf 8 and tray are of silver, and are represent- ed on a scale of one eighth of the real size. Below this set are a similar zarf tm^fingan^ on a scale of one fourth, and a brass