DUCHAL
907
DUCHOWNY
9ai gur Ja me et IcM ouvrages de Dueamge (Par. 1852); lefer, Nowv, Biog. GeniraU, xiy, 911. Duohal, Jambs, D.D., an Independent divine, waa m in Ireland in 1697, and waa educated at tlie Uni- rsity of Glasgow. He served an Independent con- igation at Cambridge for ten years, and afterwards other at Dublin, where he died in 1761. He pab- bed Ten Sermons; Prtnunptwe Argumenti for the vtkofthe Chriaiian Religion (Lond. 1758, 8vo) ; also )sthamoii8) Sermont (London, 1765, 8 vols. 8yo). — irling, CgclopoBdia BUfkogrcqfktcOf i, 968. Dnohatel, Pierre (Castellanus), a French prel- ), was bom at Arc, in Burgundy (date* unknown), d was educated at D^on, where be distinguished nself by his snccessM study of Greek. *' He assist- Erasmus in his translations firom the Greek, and he- me corrector of the press in Frobenius's office at Basle. e next studied the law at Bourges, after which he mt to Rome, where he found little enjoyment ex- pt in contemplating the remains of antiquity. The rraption of morals in the Church of Rome filled him ith indignation, and he appears to have conceived as id an opinion of it as any of the Reformers, and ex- -essed himself respecting it with as much severity { they did. From thence he travelled to Venice, and 3xt visited Cyprus, where he read lectures for two ^ars with great success. He afterwards went to gypt, Jerusalem, and Constantinople, and on his re- im home was appointed reader to Francis I, who lade him bishop of Tulle, and afterwards of Ma9on. Lenry II translated him to Orleans, where he died in 552. He was a strenuous defender of the liberties of ^e Gallican Church, and exceedingly liberal to the totestants. He wrote an oration on Francis, and a <atin letter for that king to Charles V. In his fn- eral oration on Francis, he hinted that the soul of the ing had gone to heaven, which excited the ire of the ioctors of the Sorbonne, who thought that by so doing le opposed the doctrine of purgatory" (Hook, Ecclee. 3iograp^f 8. v.); see also Jortin, Life of Erasmut; kiyle, Dictionartf, s. v. Castellanus.
Diicli6, Jacob, D.D., a minister of the English Hiurch in America, was bom in Philadelphia in 1787, ind graduated at the University of Pennsylvania. Ho rent soon after to England, and spent some time at Cambridge. In 1759 he became an assistant minister n Philadelphia, having been licensed by Dr. Sherlock, hen bishop of London. He was appointed shortly ifter professor of oratory in the College, and in 1762, liter his return from a second visit to England, he was •eceived as *^ one of the ministers of the United Cburch- ».'* He was appointed chaplain to Congress, and »>ntinued in this office a short time. His political news, however, underwent a change, to which he in- sautiottsly gave expression, so that in 1777 he found himself under the neoessit^ of retiring to England, where he was appointed to preach in the Limibeth Asylum, London. In 1790 he returned to Philadel- phia, where he died Jan. 8, 1798. His publications comprise Sermons (1780, 2 vols. 8vo); ObservaHoni, Morale etc,, by Caspapina (1778) ; and four detached 5crmoii*.--Sprague, Annak, v, 180.
Duchobortzi, the name of a Russian sect, not certainly known to have existed before the 18th cen- tury. The word is the plural of Duchobozetz, mean- ing Spirit Wrestler, It is the name of one of the many sects of the Russo-Greek Church. The designation was adopted by themselves upon their separation from the sect called Molokans, or Duchotmg Chrietiany^ " Spuitual Christians."
^ Ko records being kept by these people, it is impos- sible to ascertain the true time when the separation took place. It is, however, known that a certain Ila- rion Pobirochin originated it by teaching — 1. That
God was not an essential being, but existed only in the generation of the righteous. 2. That the soul of |
the righteoni at death passes over into another human being, and that of the wicked into an animal. 8. That there are no higher beings of any kind. 4. That to read the Bible is needless trouble, for the spirit of God will teach every one his duty. Krazinski, in his work named at the end of this article, gives the follow- ing summary of a creed delivered by the Duchobortzi to a provincial governor at the time of Catharine's persecution: **God is one, but one in the Trinity. This holy Trinity is an inscrutable being. The Father is light, the Son is life, the Holy Ghost is peace. They are manifested in man— the Father by memory ^ the Son by reason, the Holy Ghost by will. The human soul is the image of God; but this image is nothing but memory, reason, and will. The soul existed and had fallen before the creation of the visible world ; it b this fall that is recounted in the story of Adam and Eve, which, like most other portions of the Bible, should be taken allegorically. ... In the beginning the soul's fisdl was occasioned by the circumstance that it contemplated itself and commenced to love itself alone, thereby abandoning the contemplation and the love of God through rcilful pride, , . . The soul is placed in the present life as in a place of purification, in order that, clothed in the flesh and abandoned to its will and reason, it may choose between good and evil, and thus obtain pardon of its primary sin, or incur eternal torment. When a body is prepared for us in this world, our soul descends from above, comes to take possession, and the man is then called into exist- ence. Our body is the house in which the soul is re- ceived, and in which we lose all memory and feeling of what we had been before incarnation," etc. (p. 27^ note).