Dnkiphath. See Lapwing. Dul^oimer (Chald. h^SBTailD, mmponydh'; Sept vfi^iavia,Y\i\g, symphonia), a musical instrument, not a. use among Uie Jews of Palestine, but mentioned in )an. iii, 5, 15, and at ver. 10 under the shorter form tf K^aa'^D (syphonya', where the text correctively K>iDts i<^a9^D), along with several other instruments, rhich Nebuchadnezzar ordered to be sounded before a ^Iden image set up for national worship during the )eriod of the captivity of Judah. Luther translates it ute, Grotius adopts the view of Servius, who consid- ers nmphonia to be the same with the crooked trumpet [tibia obliqua, irXayiavXog) ; he also quotes Isidore [ii, 22), who speaks of it as a long drum. Rabbi Saa- lia Gaon (Comm. on Dan,') describes the sumphoryah as the bag-pipe, an opinion adopted by the author of SchilU hag-gtborim (m Ugolini Thesaur, xxxii, 39-42; Bee Joel Brill's Prefiace to Mendelssohn's version of the Psalms), by Kircher, Bartholoccius, and the ma- jority of Biblical critics. The same instrument is stUl in use among peasants in the N.W. of Asia and in Southern Europe, where it is known by the similar name sqmpogna or tampogna. With respect to the etymology of the word a great difference of opinion prevails. Some trace it to the Gr. ffufi^wvia (whence Eng. symphony), and Calmet, who inclines to this view, expresses astonishment that a pure Greek word should have made its way into the Chaldee tongue : it is prob- able, he thinks, that the instrument dulcimer (A. V.) ^^as mtroduced into Babylon by some Greek or West- em-Asiatic musician who was taken prisoner by Neb- uchadnezzar during one of his campaigns on the coast of the Mediterranean. Gesenius adopts this deriva-
tion (Thes. Eeb. p. 941), and cites Polybius (op. A then. X, 52, p. 489, ed. Casaub.) and Isidore (Orig. iii, 21) in confirmation. Others regard it as a Shemitic word, and connect it with *)BnD, *'a tube" (Fttrst). The word ^IBSD occurs in the Talmud (Sukka, 36 a), where it evidently has the meaning of an air-pipe, with a case (Chelim, xvi, 8) ; but the explanation [chelim, ii, 6) by D*^fi30 is not clear (Rosenmilller on Dan, L c). Lan- dau (Aruch. Art *)1BQD) considers it synonymous with siphon. Ibn Tahia, in his commentary on Dan. iii, 5, rendos it by ttJiaXiTlX (dpyava), organ, the well- known powerftil musical instrument composed of a series of pipes. Rabbi Elias, whom Buxtorf quotes (^Lex. Talm. col. 1504), translates it by the German word Leier Qyre). The old-fashioned spinet, the precursor of the harpsichord, is said to liave resembled in tone the ancient dulciiner. The modem dulcimer is de- scribed by Dr. Busby (Diet, of Music) as a triangular instrument, consisting of a little chest, strung with about fifty wires cast over a bridge fixed at each end ; the shortest wire is 18 inches in length, the longest 36 ; it is played with two small hammers held in the hands of the performer. — Smith, s. v. See Musical In- struments.
Dulclnists, followers of Doldno, or Dulcinus, a priest and native of Novara, Italy, who followed Se- garelli (q. v.) as leader of the Apostolici (q. v.), about A.D. 1800. He and his followers, being put under the ban, fortified a mountain in Novara, where they were taken prisoners. " He was charged with con- tempt of the Catholic hierarchy ; also with asserting a succession of three theocracies— that those tmder the Father and the Son were already passed; that the third, imder the Holy Spirit, was then in operation. His followers called themselves *The Spiritual Con- gregation and the Order of the Apostles.' * We alone (they said) are in the perfection in which the apostles were, and in the liberty which proceeds immediately from Jesus Christ. Wherefore we acknowledge obedi- ence neither to the pope nor to any other human be- ing ; nor has he any power to excommunicate us. . . . The pope can give no absolution from sins unless he be as holy as St. Peter, living in entire poverty and humility ... so that all the popes and prelates since St. Sylvester, having deviated from that original holi- ness, are prevaricators and seducers, with the single exception of pope Celestine, Pietro di Morone, etc.* (See Fleury, liv. xd, sec. x^dii.) Lastly, to consum- mate his odium, his followers, who were not very nu- merous, were assailed with the primitive and accus- tomed calumny of promiscuous prostitution" (Wad- dington, Ckurch Hiiory, chap. xxii). Extracts from two of the writings of Dolcino are given in the HistO' ria Dulcini, and in the Additamentum ad Eistoriam Dulcini in Mnratori, Script. Rer. Ital. ix, 425 sq., cited in Herzog, Real-EncMop, iii, 468 sq., ttom. which we condense the following statements.
After strongly asserting his orthodoxy, Dolcino predicted that in the year 1808 his opponents should be destroyed ; that he and his followers should then, without molestation, preach publicly, and in these last days all Christians should embrace his doctrines. As this prophecy was not fulfilled in 1803, he postponed its fulfilment to 1304, imder the pi^tence that God had especially called him, and made known to him the import of the Bible prophecies. He distinguished four epochs in the history of the divine life, each of which was good in the first instance, but had been superseded as it became degenerate. The patriarchs of the old covenant belonged to the first epoch. In the second, Christ appeared with his apostles, to supersede the de- generated Judaism by new virtues, especially celiba- cy, poverty, and the giving up of earthly goods. The third epoch began with pope Sylvester and the emper- or Ck)nstantine, when the Christians, in order to edo-