DuNO-OATB (n'iDdfi<n ^Td, sha^ar ha-ashpoth', Neh. iU, 14, or ntt^KH 1?123, ii, 18 ; xii, 81 ; contract- ed nifi^n -l?b, ska'ar korshephoty, iii, 18, L e. gate of the dmg-hiUs; Sept. i) wvXrj [v. r. in xii, 81, to ril- Xog] TTJQ Koirqiag ; Vulg. porta sterquilirm or [ii, 13] etercoris; A.V. "dung-port" in ii, 18), a gate of an- cient Jerusalem on the south-west quarter, 1000 cubits fi^m the Valley Gate (Neh, iii, 13) toward the south (Neh. xii, 81) ; a position that fixes it at the S.W. an- gle of Mt. Zion (see Strong's Harm, and Expos, of the Gosp. App. ii, p. 11). It was doubtless so called from the piles of garbage collected in the valley of Tophet (q. V.) below. See Bbthso. (Compare the EsqyUine Hill at Rome.) Josephus {War,Y, 4, 2) calls it the Gate qfihe Essenes (4 'Effffrjv&v ttvXti). See Jerusa- lem.
DUNGHILL (niDlSK, ashpoth', 1 Sam. ii, 3; Psa.
cxiii, 7 ; Lam. iv, 5 ; njp^p, madmenah', a heap of
compost, Isa, xxv. 10 ; Chald. !|bj3, nevcUu\ Ezra vii,
11, or "^^ja, nevaH\ Dan. ii, 6; iii, 29, a sink; Greek
^fl-pi'a, Ecclus, xxii, 2 ; Luke xiv, 36). From Isa. 1
xxv, 10, we learn that the bulk «f maBc creased by the addition of straw, wiiidi va, tf o^ as with us, left to rot in the dnnghOL Som d^ regulations connected with this use of doigitla from the Talmud. The heaping op of s dogkiiii public place exposed the owner to tie lefmtim damage it might occasion, and aziy one vsiale^ to take it away (BoftaiTama, 1,8, 8). Anotkri^ tion forbade the accomulation of the diagUtok removed in the seventh or sabbelk yev to tk ^ ity of any ground under culture (^SJott. m, 1]l lU was equivalent to an interdictioa of theiRofmi in that year; and this must have occMiaaedMw» crease of labor in the year ensoing. See i»EQ» TUBE. To sit on a dung-heap was t a^ of tk ia^ est dejection (1 Sam. zi, 8; Psa. cxin, 7; ]jm.ii,k comp. Job ii, 8, Sept. and Vulg.). We ir iakai by Plutarch (J)e SupersHtiom) that the Sjnai m afiected with a particular disease dnractabei^ii- olent pains of the bonea, ulceratioiif onr tk tU body, swelling of the feet and abdomeo, vA wati{ of the liver. This malady was in geoenl re^PeJl the anger of the gods, but was supposed to ben especially inflicted by the Syrian god^ a te who had eaten some kinds of fish deemed nostffe her (Menandcr c^md Porphyr.). In orfer tv affv the offended divini^, the persons affoded brtbfr order were tau^t by the priests to pot oa Bde]i& or old tattered garments, and to sit on • dsai^; • to roll themselves naked in the dirt as a aga at W iation and contrition for their ofience (Pa8iia,AtTj Martial, Epigr, iv, 4). This will remind the mil of Job's conduct under his affliction, uidtfasttfedK persons mentioned in Scripture as rdliag tk«bi in the dust, etc. See Dust.
Dnngal, a writer of the 9di ceptniy,ofifaa«^ gin and history little is known, bat vlio ii ^iH to have been of Scotch or Iridi birth. Accaii{« Irish accounts, he was abbot of Glendokngh, oiit the destruction of his monasteiy by the Dos k W te France. He calls himself "a ledaM.'iii* Hisl. Liu. de la FraiKe Qr, 4^) notes hinmi^ of the abbey of St Denis, In France. Mantodl* ever (Rer. Ital. iv, 611), describes him as »g^ Pavia, in Italy. He wrote against the wtoi( movements of Chiudius of Turin (q. v.), in 827, Af» sa contra perversas GaudU Taniinaun E§ms^^ tias, in which he defends the invocation of aati,* adoration of relics, etc, but seeks to guard these «■? ft^)m superstitious abuse. The book was fot p^ lished by Papirius Masson (Paris, 1608X tad m^ found in BibUctheca Max. PaJtrm (Ltobs^dt,* 238 ; also in Migne, Patrologia /xrfiw, tom, !«. ■ was also celebrated as an astronomer.— Moofe,5iJJ of Ireland; Wetzer u.Welte,jrfrc*»-Ie»ka£i* Schrdckh, Kirchengesckichie, xxiii, 414.
Dungeon C^ia, ^ Gen. xl, 15; xli,H*-» pit, as often rendered; ftilly "Tian r*^ few if* pit, Exod. xii, 29 ; Jer. xxxvii, 16), is pniperiji^fr guished from the ordinary prison (xbs « S» ^ also H'na^ or *1WTS) as being more'senWjSsd* ally consisting of a deep ceB or cbteni (Jef. n^ 6; hence the propriety of the Heb.wwdwhiAat cates a hole), like the Roman inner prison (f JA^ ^vXacii, Acts xvi, 24). Incarcoation, a ^mAm so common in Egypt (Gen. xxxix,20Bq.; xl^V xii, 10 ; xlii, 19), was also in use among the 1j»» raelites (comp. Ezra vii, 26). But it is oowhsre** tioned in the law, perhaps because among » p*^ every man of whom was a landed proprietor, ft* easily dispensed with, a fine being always ^^* flict; partly, too, because it seemed improp«^ cultivators of the earth fh>m their land for "J^ of time. (Other reasons are suggested by *^'**** ifoj. ifcjc^v, 45 sq.) Arrest bmentiooed,iatoi(l*
DUNG-GATE
913
DUNm
jv, 12), but not as a panishment. The guilty was nply kept in ward to await sentence (comp. 2 Chron. iii,26; Wtchsmuth, Hellen, A Uerth,U,i,lSB), So was a le^ principle in Borne that a prison was to used onlj to keep men, not to pnnish them. Un- r the lAter kings imprisonment was used as a penal- , jet, as it seems, not by judicial sentence, bat at i will of the sovereign, especially in the case of too un-8poken prophets (2 Chron. xvi, 10 ; Jer. xx, 2 ; :xii, 2 sq. ; xxxiii, 1 sq. ; xxxvii, 15). After the ile it became very customary (Matt, xi, 2 ; Luke iii, ; John iii, 24), and was sometimes nsed to punish Jgiooa oflfences (Acts r, 18, 21 ; viii, 8 ; xii, 4 ; xxli, xxvi, 10), and in cases of debt (Matt, xviii, 80 ; mp. Arvieux, i, 411). The most ancient prisons were nply water-cisterns, out of which, since the sides me together above, one could not easily escape with- t aid (Gen. xxxvii, 20, 22). Imprisonment in these IS often made the more unpleasant by deep mud er. xxxviii, 6). There were at the gates, or in the Itch-houses at the palaces of kings, or the houses of e commanders of the body-guard, who were the ex- ntors of criminal sentences, especial state-prisons er. XX, 2 ; xxxii, 2 ; Gen. xxxix, 20 sq. ; xl, 4 ; mp. Jer. xxxvii, 15, 20; Banner, Obe. iii, 250 sq.). prison of the kind Lut named is called priaonrhouBe ^?f f??*? ^"^^i 2 Chron. xvi, 10). The prisoners ere kept in chains (Judg. xvi, 21 ; 2 Sam. iii, 84 ; ir. xl, 1). Under the Roman empire they were lained, hy one or both hands, to the soldiers who Btched them (Acts xii, 4 ; xxi, 83 ; Pliny, Ep. x, 65 ; sneca, ^. v, and De tranjuU. An,x; Athen. v, 218 ; )6eph. Ant. xviii, 6, 7), as is still the custom in Abys- Dia (RUppell, Abys, i, 218). Sometimes the Israelites lained them by Uie feet to a wooden block (Job xili, J ; xxxiii, 11 ; Acts xvi, 24 ; comp. Wetstein in loc. ; icob, <td Lucian. Toxctr, p. 104), or by the neck (comp. ristophanes, Cloud$y 592), or l^ the hands and feet at ice. Such severe imprisonment is to be understood I Jer. XX, 2 ; xxix, 26, where our version has *' in the ocks*' (comp. Symmach. fiaaavumjoiov, (rrpe/3Xiiir^- ov ; and the Greek rv^aiv, SchoL m» Aristoph. PhU. 476). Poor and meagre fiu-e seems to have added to le severity of the penalty (2 Chron. xviii, 26). An cample of lax state imprisonment appears in 1 Kings , 37. Visits to prisoners are allowed with compara- ve freedom in tiie East (Matt, xxv, 36 ; Jer. xxxii, ; see RosenmtUler, Iforgenland, v, 101). Roman pris- 1 discipline appears especially in the Acts of the postles. The keeper of the prison is called in Greek xfftoipvXaK (Acts xvi, 28; xxvii, 36), but once irpax- ap (Luke xii, 58), and was armed (Acts xvi, 27). omp. Pratobium. See in genera] A. Bombardini, *€ carcere et antiquo eftu utu (Padua, 1713). — Winer, 402. See Pbison.