2. Ma(jog is elsewhere mentioned by Ezekiel only, first among the countries ruled by Gog, and especially associated with Kosh, Meshech, and Tubal (Ezek. xxxviii, 2, 3), and apparently spoken of as dwelling "in the isles" (xxxix, G). The term "isles" certain- ly must not be taken necessarily to indicate islands, but it is apparently limited to maritime, transmarine, and very remote regions. It has generally been held that Magog, used for a nation, is applied to the Scyth- ians of the Greeks, though perhaps in a restricted sense. Certainly, in the time of Ezekiel, the Scyth- ians who invaded Western Asia were the most i>ower- fiil nation of the country to which the confederacy mentioned by the prophet may reasonably be assigned ; and the agreement of Josephus {Ant. i, 6, 1) and Je- rome (Quest, in Gen. x, 2) in the identification is not to be overlooked. See Magog.
3. Madui, always later applied to the country Me- dia, very appropriate]}' follows INIagog, if the latter, when used geographically, indicates the Scythian neighbors of the Medes. Madai, like other names af«
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terwards employed for a countn'- rather than a people, may originally have been a man's name (comp. Miz- ruim, infra). See Madai.
4. Javan. — Except where applied to an. Arabian place or tribe (Ezek. xxvii, 19 ; and perhaps Joel iii, (i), this is, in all later places, the name of the Greeks, or at least of the Hellenic Greeks. The Persians, like the Hebrews, called all the Greeks louians. See Ja- van.
a. Elishah, at the head of the descendants of Javan, is to be looked for in Hellenic geography. It is men- tioned in Ezekiel as trading with Tyre, " Blue and purple, from the isles of Elishah, was that which cov- ered tliee" (xxvii, 7). The name has been compared with Elis, Hellas, and the ^Eolians. Etymologically the first and third are equally probable, but other cu'- cumstances seem almost decisive in favor of the latter. The coast of the yEolian settlements in Asia Minor produced purple, and the name of so important a divi- sion of the Hellenic nation would suit better than that of a city which never was rich and powerful enough to be classed with Sidon, TjTe, or Carthage.
b. Tarshish is in later Biblical history the name of a great mart, or, as some hold, of two. The famous Tarshish, supposing there were two, was one of the most important commercial cities of the period of the kings ; second only, if second, to Tyre. It was acces- sible from the coast of Palestine, but its trade was car- ried on in large ships, "ships of Tarshish," which im- plies a distant voyage from Palestine. It brought to Tyro " silver, iron, tin, and lead'' (Ezek. xxvii, 12). These products seem to point incontestably to a Span- ish emporium, and the majorit}^ of modern commenta- tors agree iu fixing on the celebrated Tartessus, said to have been founded bj' the Phoenicians, and with which the Phoenicians traded. In some places Tar- shish seems to be evidently a country.
c. Kittim. — This Gentile noun, usually written Chit- tim in the A.V.,is generalh' connected with Citium of Cyprus. Other indications of Scripture seem not unfavorable to this identification, which would make the Kittim or Chittim a seafaring population of Cy- prus.
d. Dodanim, closely connected in the table by con- struction as well as in form with Kittim — "Elishah and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim" (Gen. x, 4) — was a maritime or insular people. Ezekiel says of Tyre, " The men of Dedan [were] thy merchants ; many isles [were] the merchandise of thine hand : they brought thee [for] a present horns of ivory and ebony" (xxvii, 15). The reading in the list as given in 1 Chron. (i, 7) is Rodanim, a form which is probably the true one, as supported b}' tlie Sept. and Samaritan versions. The Sept. identifies this people with the Ehodians in all instances, including that in Ezekiel. In the prophet's time Rhodes was a great seat of Phoe- nician commerce, and at the site of Camirus, one of its three important cities before the city Rhodes was founded, man)' objects of Phoenician style have been discovered. It may be added that ivorv is one of the materials of its antiquities. The identification, con- sidering the probable place of the Kittim, is very likely.
5. Tubal, and, 6. Meskech, are in later places men- tioned together (Ezek. xxvii, 1.3 ; xxxviii, 2, 3 ; xxxix, 1), and were evidently northern nations (xxxix, 2). They have been traced in the Moschi and Tibareni mentioned together bj' Herodotus (iii, 94 ; vii, 78), and as iSIuskai and Tuplai, in the Assyrian inscriptions (Rawlinson's Herodotus, i, 6.30), which inhabited the northern coast of Asia Minor towards the Caucasus.
7. Tiras, last in the list of the sons of Japheth, has not been satisfactorily identified. The best compari- son is perhaps with the Tyrrhenians or Tyrscnians, as then all the chief territories of Japhcthite civilization would seem to have been indicated — Armenia, Asia Minor, Thrace, the Asiatic Islands, European Greece, Italy, and Spain.
V. Descendants o/JIam, or Hamites: Ham. 1. Gush. a. Seba.
b. Ibivilah.
c. Siiljtuh.
d. Kaamuh. a. Slieba.
t). Dedan.
e. Sabtechah. /. Ninirod.
2. Mizraim. a. Ludim.
b. Ananiim.