c. Lehabim.
d. Xaplituhim.
e. Pathrusini.
/. Caslubim. a. Philistim. n. C'aphtoiim.
3. Phut.
4. Canaan. a. Sidon.
b. Hetb.
c. Jebusite.
d. Amorite.
e. Girgasite. /. Hivite.
p. Aikite. h. Sinite. i. Arvadite. j. Zcniarite. k. llamathite.
1. Ctish is immediately recognised in KiSH, the ancient Egyptian name of Ethiopia above Egypt. With this identification all geographical mentions in Scripture, except that in the account of Paradise (Gen, ii, 13), agree. The latter may refer to a primaeval Cush, but an Asiatic settlement is positively indicated in the history of Kimrod, and we shall see that the set- tlements of the Cushites extended from African Ethio- pia to Babj'lon, through Arabia. See Cush.
a. Seba is connected bj' Isaiah with Egypt and Cush (xliii, 3 ; xlv, 14), and the statement of Josephus that the island and city of Meroc bore this name is there- fore to be noticed. In the ancient Egyptian geograph- ical lists, Sahaba and Sabara occur among names of tribes or places belonging to Ethiopia (Brugsch, Geogr. Inschr. ii, p. 9, pi. xii, k. I.).
b. Havilah. — The identification of Havilah is diffi- cult, as the name recurs in the list of the sons of Jok- tan ; and in Biblical geograph}', except only in the description of Eden, it is found in Arabia alone. If the two stocks intermixed, and thus bore a common name, a single localization would be sufficient.
c. Sabtah can only be doubtfully traced in Arabian geography.
d. Raamah, in the Sept. 'Vtyiu'i, is well traced in the 'Vkjj.ia of Ptol. (vi, 7), and 'P/yy/fa of Steph. Byz. (s. v.), a city of Arabia on the Persian Gulf.
a. Sheba, and, b. Dedan, bear the same names as two descendants of Keturah (Gen. xxv, 3), from which it has reasonably been supposed that we have here an indication of a mixture of Cushite and Abrahamite Arabs, like that of Cushite and Joktanite Arabs in- ferred in the case of the two Havilahs. It is to be remarked that the name of Dedan has been conjectu- rally traced in the modern name of the island of Da- dan, on the east coast of Arabia, and that of Sheba in the ruins of an ancient city called Seba, in the neigh- boring island of Awjil.
e. Sabtechah is not identified.
f. Nimrod is generally thought to have been a re- moter descendant of Cush than son. and this the usage of Hebrew genealogies maj' be held to sanction. He is the first and onlj' known instance in the list of the leader of a dynast}' rather than the parent of a nation or tribe. His name is followed by a parentlietical passage relating to his power and the establishment and extension of his kingdom. It is probable that this naiTative is introduced to mark the commence- ment of the first Noachian monarchy. It ma}' be com- pared with the notices of inventions in the account of Cain's descendants (Gen. iv, 20-22). The name of Nimrod is probably Shemitic, from T^"^, "he was re- bellious." It occurs in ancient Egyptian, in the form Namuret, in the family of the 22d dynasty, which was certainly, at least in part, of foreign origin. The
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like names Sheshenk, Usaeken, Tekerut, appear to be Shemitie.
2. Mizruim, literalh' "the two Mazors," is the com- mo!! name of Egypt in the Bible ; tlie singuhir, Mazor, being rarely used. It has been thought to be a purely geographical name, from its having a dual form, but it has been discovered in ancient Egyptian as the name of a Hittite or kindred chief, B.C. cir. 1300, con- temporary with Eameses II, written in hieroglyphics Matrim.\, -where the MA is known to express the Hebrew dual, as in Mahanma for Mahanaim. That it Lhould be used at so early a time as a proper name of a man suggests that the fact that Egypt was so called may be due to a Noachian's name having had a dual form, not to the division of the country into two regions. If, however, we suppose that in Gen. x Miz- raim indicates the country, then we might infer that Ham's son was probably called Mazor. It is remark- able that IMazor ajipears to be equivalent to Ham : as we have seen, the meaning of the latter is evidently "hot" or " black," perhaps both, and a cognate word is used in Arabic for " black mud ;" among the mean- ings of misr, the Arabic equivalent of Mazor, tlie Kd- inus gives "red earth or mud." Thus Ham and Ma- zor or Mizraim would especiall}' aj)ply to darkness of skin or earth ; and, since both were used geographi- caWy to designate the "black land," as cultivated Egypt alvvaj's was from the blackness of its alluvial soil, it is not surprising that the idea of earth came to be included in one of the significations of each. If Mizraim were purely geographical in the list, then we might perhaps suppose that it was derived from Mazor as a Shemitie equivalent of Ham. It is certainly re- markable that all the descendants of Mizraim are men- tioned as tribes in the plurals of gentile nouns. See Mizraim.
a. Ludim, perhaps mentioned in passages of the prophets as Lud or Ludim (Isa. Ixvi, 19 ; Jer. xlvi, 9 ; Ezek. xxvii, 10; xxxviii, 5; xxx, 4, 5), where, how- ever, the Shemitie Lud maj' be intended. There would be no doubt that in at least one of these passages (Ezek. xxx, 4,5), where EgA'pt, and, as far as they are j identilied, African nations or countries are spoken of, the Ludim are those of the Mizraite stock, were it not possible that under the term Ludim or Lydian the Ionian and Carian mercenaries of the Pharaohs may be indicated.