Eustathius of Thessalonica, one of the most learned bishops of the Greek Church in the Middle Ages, was a native of Constantinople. He was at first a monk, subsequently a deacon of the church of St. Sophia, and a teacher of eloquence. He also held a position at the court, having charge of all petitions, and in this capacity presented to the emperor a peti- tion of the city of Constantinople on the occasion of a great scarcity of water. In this period of his life Eustathius compiled his celebrated commentaries on Greek classics, which give proof of an immense amount of reading, and are tlie more valuable as the}' contain many extracts from works which are now lost. It is
especially the commentary on Homer (Eome, 1542-50, 4 vols. ; Basel, 1559-GO, 3 vols. ; with register by De- varius, edited by Stallbaum, Leips. 1825-30, 6 vols.), which is a storehouse of learning. Of his commentary on Pindar, only the procemium is now extant (publjshed by Schneidewin, Gotting. 1837). In 1174 (or 1175) he was elected bishop of Myra, in Lycia, but before he had assumed the administration of this diocese the emperor appointed him metropolitan of Thessalonica. In 1180, when the emperor Manuel desired a mitigation of the formula of abjuration which the converts from IVIoham- medanism had to pronounce, Eustathius, at the synod, firmly opposed the emperor, who was greatly displeased with this opposition, but nevertheless remained a patron of Eustathius. When, in 1185, Thessalonica was con- quered and plundered by the Komians under "William II of Sicily, Eustathius was indefatigable in his efforts in behalf of the city. His theological writings were for the first time puljlished by Dr. Tafel {Ojmscula e codd. Basil. Paris. Veneto, nunc primum edidit Th. L. F. Tafel, Francof. 1832 ; and with an Appendix, in Tafel, De Thessalonica, Berlin, 1839). They are noted for outspoken evangelical sentiments. Of special impor- tance in this respect is the work Meditations on the Mo- nastic State {tTTiaicstfyiQ /3i'ou /(OT'o\t)coii ; transl. into German '[Belrachtimc/en ilher d. Monchsstand'] by G. L. F. Tafel, Berlin, 1847). Some of his works, e. g. a com- mentary on John of Damascus, are still extant in MS. Eustathius died in Thessalonica about 1194. — Herzog, RealrEncyU. iv, 247 ; Wetzer u."\Velte, Kirch.-Lex. iii, 771; Neander, Karakteristik des Eustathius in seiner reformator. Richtung, in Neander, Wissenschaftliche Ah- handl. (Berlin, 1851). (A. J. S.)
Eustathius, semi-Arian bishop of Sebaste, in Ar- menia, in the fourth century, was a great advocate of monasticism, which he introduced into Armenia. The ascetic fanatics called Eustathians are supposed to have taken their name and their practices from him (but see Eustathians, 2). He also founded in Se- baste a hospital for the poor, over which he placed .ffirius, then his devoted friend. But later .(Erius charged him with avarice, and they quarrelled. See ^'Eriaxs. Eustathius died about A.D. 380. — Socrates, Hist. Eccles. ii, 43 ; Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. iii, 14 ; Ne- ander, Church Hist. Torrey's transl. ii, 342 ; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, i, 652 sq.
Eustochium, Julia, was born at Eome about A.D. 3G5. A daughter of Paula (q. v.), she imitated the ascetic piety of her mother. In 382 she took the vow of virginity, and put herself under the direction of Jerome, who gave her instructions relative to the life she had chosen. It was for her that he wrote (383) his treatise on Virgi.ni(y. On his departure from Rome, Paula and Eustochium accompanied him, and settled near him in a monastery near Bethlehem. After the death of Paula (404), Eustochium succeed- ed her as superior of the monastery. So greatly was she profited by Jerome's instructions that she gained a knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew lan- guages. To her Jerome dedicated his Commentaries on Ezekiel and Isaiah. He translated also the rules of Pachomius into Latin for the use of the members of the monastery at Bethlehem. In 416 the Pelagians burned this monastery and outraged the inmates. She is celebrated as a saint in the Roman Church on the 28th of September.— Hoefer, Noiiv. Biog. Ghurale, xvi, 792 : Butler, Lives of the Saints, ix, 775 ; MUman, Hist. ofChnstianity (N. Y. 186G), iii, 234.
Euthalius, bishop of Sulce, 5th centur}', is sup- posed to have been the first to divide the N. T. into verses. Some of the poetical parts of the O. T. had been arranged in lines (itt-i'xoi), and Euthalius (A.D. 438) divided Paul's epistles into verses. Afterwards he so arranged Acts and the Catholic Epistles. The division into chapters had lieen made by a previous writer (A.D. 39G), and Euthalius adopted it. Erasmus,
EUTHYMIUS ZIGABEXUS
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EUTYCHIANISM
in his N. T., inserts the Arguments of Euthalius to the | Acts and to Paul's epistles. Ilia Prolor/ve to St. Paul's £pis/ks, including a sketch of Paul's life, was publish- ed liy J. H. Hocclerus at the end of his N. T. (Argen- tor. ioio, 16()0). All tlie remains of Euthalius are giv- en by Zaccagni, Coll. Mon. Vet. Eccles. Grcec. (Rome, 1698, 4to). — Home Jniroduction, pt. i, eh. ii, § 3 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. (Genev. ITi'O), i.
Euthymiiis Zigabenus (or Zigadenus), a Greek monk and theologian of the 12th century. He lived in the time of tlie emperor Alexius Comnenus (aliout A.D. 1120), and was his intimate friend. Of his life little is known, except from the Alexias of Anna Conmena (lib. xv), who praises his talent and scholar- ship. The following writings of his have been pub- lished: (1.) Ilai'OTrXio coynariK)'], Panoplia Bofjmatica, against all heresies, written by the order of Alexius Comnenus, and divided into two parts and 24 sections, cacli treating of a heresy. It consists chiefly of digest- ed extracts from preceding writers. A Latin trans- lation of it was published by Zinus (Venice, 1555, fol. ; reprinted at Lyons, 155C and 1580, 8vo) ; also in Bibl. Patriun (Lyons), xix. This translation omits the 12th and 13th titles "against the Pope and the Italians." The Greek original was published at Tergovist, in Wallachia (1710, fol.), and is very rare. It omits the laM title, which is contained in Sylburg's Saracenica, p. 1-54. (2.) Victoria ei triiimphus de impia Massali- anorum secfa, etc. (Victory and Triumph over the im- pious, manifold, and execrable sect of the Messalians, etc.), together with fourteen anathemas against them : edited, Gr., with Latin version and notes, liy Tollius, in his Insignia Itineris Italici (Traject. ad Ehen. 1C9G, 4to) ; also in Gallandii Bibl. Pair, xiv; 293. (3.) Com- mentarius in Psalmos {C'o7nmentary on all the Psalms of David^):, Latin version by Saulus (Verona, 1530, fol. ; often reprinted) ; also (Gr. and Lat.) in Theophjdacti Opera Omnia., vol. iv (Venet. 1763, fol.). (4.) A Com- mentnry on the four Gos2)els, his most important work, compiled from St. Chrysostom and otlier fathers ; Lat- in version by J. Hentenius (Louvain, 1544, fol. ; Paris, 1547, 1560, and 1602, 8vo) ; best edit, by C. F. Matthrei, Gr.and Lat. (Lips. 1792, 4 vols.). The work is still con- sidered one of great value. See Matthcei's preface for full notices of Euthymius, and for the judgments of the learned concerning his writings. JIany of his writ- ings yet remain in M.S. All his published works are given in Migne, Patrologia Grnca, vol. cxxviii-cxxxi. — Fabricius, Bibl. Graca, ed. Harles, viii, 328 sq. ; Cave, Jlist. Lit. (Genev. 1720), i, 567 ; Oudin, Script. Eccles. ii, 979; Lardner, Works, v, 164; Ullmaun, in TJieol. Stud. u. Krit. 1833, p. 647 sq.