the south-western coast of Spain, which the Greeks from them called TaOtipa, the Romans Gades, and tlie modems Cadiz. See Gederah. In Ezek. xiii, 5 ; xxii, 30, gader appears to denote the fortifications of a city ; and in Psa. Ixii, 3, the wicked are compared to a tottering fence and bowing wall ; i. e. their destruc- tion comes suddenlj' upon them. Fenced cities (see below) were such as were fortified. — Calmet, s. v. See Agriculture.
Fenced City (n"ii;j'2, metsurah' , intrenched; 2 Chron. xi, 10, 23 ; xii, 4 ; xiv, G ; xxi, 3 ; rendered " stronghold," 2 Chron. xi, 11 ; "fort," Isa. xxix, 3; "munition," ii, 1. 1^!a''2, mibtsar' , a fortress, is also sometimes rendered "fenced" in connection with "i"^, a city, Numb, xxxii, 17, 36 ; Josh, x, 20 ; xix, 35 ; 1 Sam. vi, 18 ; 2 Kings iii, 19 ; x, 2 ; xvii, 9 ; xviii, 8 ; 2 Chron. xvii, 19 ; Jer. v, 17 ; Dan. xi, 15 ; elsewhere " stronghold," etc.). The broad distinction between a city and a village in Biblical language consisted in the possession of walls. See City. The city had walls, the village was unwalled, or had only a watch- man's tower (?15^, -KvpyoQ, turris custodum ; comp. Gesen. Thes. p. 267), to which the villagers resorted in times of danger. A threefold distinction is thus ob- tained : 1. cities ; 2. imwalled villages ; 3. villages with castles or towers (1 Chron. xxvii, 25). The dis- trict east of the Jordan, forming the kingdoms of Moab and Bashan, is said to have abounded from very early times in castles and fortresses, such as were built by Uzziah to protect the cattle, and to repel the inroads of the neighboring tribes, besides unwalled towns (Ammian. Marc, xiv, 9; Deut. iii, 5; 2 Chron. xxvi, 10). Of these many remains are thought by Mr. Porter to exist at the present day {Damascus, ii, 197). The dangers to which unwalled villages are exposed from the marauding tribes of the desert, and also the fortifications b}' which the inhabitants some- times protect themselves, are illustrated bj' Sir J. Mal- colm {Sketches of Persia, c. xiv, p. 148) and Frazer (Persia, p. 379, 380 ; comp. Judg. v, 7). Villages in the Hauran are sometimes enclosed by a wall, or, rather, the houses, being joined together, form a defence against Arab robbers, and the entrance is closed'by a gate (Burckhardt, Syria, p. 212). See Gate.
A further characteristic of a city as a fortified place is found in the use of the word rij3, build, and also fortify; so that to "build" a citj' appears to be sometimes the same thing as to fortify it (comp. Gen. viii, 20, and 2 Chron. xvi, 6, with 2 Chron. xi, 5-10, and 1 Kings xv, 17). See Wall.
The fortifications of the cities of Palestine, thus reg- ularly "fenced," consisted of one or more walls crown- ed with battlemented parapets, m3Q, having towers at regular intervals (2 Chron. xxxii, 5 ; Jer. xxxi, 38), on which in later times engines of war were placed, and watch was kept by da)' and night in time of war (2 Chron. xxvi, 9, 15; Judg. ix, 45; 2 Kings ix, 17). Along the oldest of the three walls of Jerusalem there were ninet}' towers, in the second fourteen, and in the third sixty (Josephus, War, v, 4, 2). One such tower, that of Hananeel, is repeatedly mentioned (Jer. xxxi, 38; Zech. xiv, 10), as also others (Neh. iii, 1, 11, 27). The gateways of fortified towns were also fortified and closed witli strong doors (Neh. ii, 8; iii, 3, G, etc.; Judg. xvi, 2, 3; 1 Sam. xxiii, 7; 2 Sam. xviii, 24, 33; 2 Chron. xiv, 7 ; 1 Mace, xiii, 33 ; xv, 39). In advance of the wall there appears to have been sometimes an outwork (3^n, Trporfi'xKT/jrt), in A. Vers. " ditch" (1 Kings xxi, 23 ; 2 Sam. xx, 15 ; Gesenius, Thes. p. 454), which was perhaps either a palisade or wall lining the ditch, or a wall raised midway within the ditch itself. Both of these methods of strengthening fortified places, bj' hindering the near approach of machines, were usual in earlier Egyptian fortifications (Wilkinson,
FENCED CITY
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FENCED CITY
Anc, Eg. i, 401), but. would generally be of less use in the hill forts of Palestine than in Egypt. In many towns tlierc was a keep or citadel for a lust resource to the defenders. Those remaining in the Hauran and Leja are square. Such existed at Shecheni and The- bez (Judg. ix, 46, 51 ; viii, 17 ; 2 Kings ix, 17), and the great forts or towers of Psephiwus, Hippicus, and espe- cially Antonia, served a similar purpose, as well as that of overawing the town at Jerusalem. These forts were well furnished with cisterns (Acts xxi, 34 ; 2 Mace. V, 5; Josephus, Ant. xviii, 4, 3; War, i, 5, 4; V, 4, 2; vi, 2, 1). At the time of the entrance of Is- rael into Canaan there were many fenced cities exist- ing, which first caused great alarm to the exploring party of searchers (Numb, xiii, 28), and afterwards gave much trouble to the people in subduing them. Many of these were refortified, or, as it is expressed, rebuilt b}' the Hebrews (Numb. xxxii,17, 34-42; Deut. iii, 4, 5;" Josh, xi, 12, 13; Judg. i, 27-33), and many, especially those on the sea-coast, remained for a long time in the possession of their inhabitants, who were enabled to preserve them by means of their strength in chariots (Josh, xiii, 3, 6 ; xvii, 16 ; Judg. i, 19 ; 2 Kings xviii, 8 ; 2 Chron. xxvi, G). The strength of Jerusalem was shown by the fact that that city, or at least the citadel, or "stronghold of Zion," remained in the possession of the Jebusites until the time of Da- vid (2 Sam. V, 6, 7 ; 1 Chron. xi, 5). Among the kings of Israel and Judah several are mentioned as fortifiers or " builders" of cities, e. g. Solomon (1 Kings ix, 17-19 ; 2 Chron. viii, 4-6), Jeroboam I (1 Kings xii, 25), Ee- hoboam (2 Chron. xi, 5, 12), Baasha (1 Kings xv, 17), Omri (1 Kings xvi, 24), Hezekiah (2 Chron. xxxii, 5), Asa ( 2 Chron. xiv, C, 7), Jehoshaphat (2 Chron. xvii, 12) l)Ut especially Uzziah (2 Kings xiv, 22 ; 2 Chron. xxvi, 2, 9, 15) ; and in the reign of Ahab the town of Jericho was rebuilt and fortified by a private individ- ual, Hiel of Bethel (1 Kings xvi, 34). Herod the Great was conspicuous in fortifying strong positions, as Ma- sada, Machjerus, Herodium, besides his great works at Jerusalem (Josephus, War, vii, G, 1, 2 ; 8, 3 ; i, 21, 10 ; Ant. xiv, 13, 9). See Fokt.