T.is =0 called Gnldm ti itc ef Jpiu^ilem 'howing supposed Itcniiiius ot the old Jewish Wall.
But the fortified places of Palestine served only in a few instances to check effectually the progress of an invading force, though many instances of determined and protracted resistance are on record, as of Samaria for three years (2 Kings xviii, 10), Jerusalem (2 Kings XXV, 3) for four months, and in later times of Jotapa- ta, Gamala, ]Macha!rus, Masada, and, above all, Jeru- salem itself, the strength of whose defences drew forth the admiration of the conqueror Titus (Josephus, War, ii!, 6 ; iv, 1 and 9; vii, 6, 2-4 and 8 ; Robinson, i, 232). See Fortress.
The earlier Egyptian fortifications consisted usually of a quadrangular and sometimes double wall of sun- dried brick, fifteen feet thick, and often fifty feet in height, with square towers at intervals, of the same
Slab from ancient Thebes, representing a Ph.alanx of the Khe- ta (Canaanites) drawn up as a corps de reftervr, with the fortified town (fig. 1). siuTounded by double Ditches, over which an Bridges (figs. 2 and 3).
height as the walls, both crowned with a parapet, and a round-headed battlement in shape like a shield. A second lower wall with towers at the entrance was added, distant thirteen or twenty feet from the main wall, and sometimes another was made of seventy or one hundred feet in length, projecting at right angles from the main wall, to enable the defenders to annoy the assailants in flank. The ditch was sometimes for- tified bj' a sort of tenaille in the ditch itself, or a rave- lin on its edge. In later times the practice of fortifj'- ing towns was laid aside, and the large temples, with their enclosures, were made to serve the purpose of forts (Wilkinson, Anc. Egm^t. i, 408, 409, abridgm.).
Slab from Kouyunjik, representing a double-walled city, with arched gateways and inclined approaches leading to them from the outer walls. Within are warriors and horses; outside the fortifications is a narrow stream or canal, plant- ed on both aides with trees, and flowing into a broad river, on whlcli arc latge boats, holding several persons, and a raft of skins, bearing a man fisliing, .and two others seated before a pot or caldron. Along tlie banks, and apparently washed by the stream, is a wall with equidistant towers and battle- ments.
FENCING THE TABLES
629
FENELON
The fortifications of Ninfeveh, Babylon, Ecbatana, {nd of Tyre and Sidon are all mentioned either in the tanonical books or the Apocrypha. In the sculptures fcf Nineveh representations are found of walled towns, ►f which one is tliought to represent Tyre, and all il- {ustrate the mode of fortification adopted both bj' the Assyrians and their enemies (Jer. li, o0-32, 58 ; Amos i, 10 ; Zech. ix, 3 ; Ezek. xxvii. 11 ; Nah. iii, 14 ; Tobit i, 17; xiv, 14, 15; Judith i, 1, 4; Layard, Niti. ii, 275, 279, 388, 395 ; Nin. and Bab. p. 231, 358 ; Jifoti. of Nin. pt. ii, pi. 39, 43).— Smith, s. v. See Fortification.
Fencing the Tables, a special address in the ministration of the Lord's Supper among the Scotch Presbj-terians. It is a lecture from the minister just before the distribution of the elements, pointing out the character of those who have and of those who have not a right to come to the Lord's table. It was for- merly called " debarrings," because in it the ministry debarred from the sacrament those who were not sup- posed to be worthj%
Fenelon, Fran(;ois de Salignac de i>a Mothe, the most venerated name in the modern historj' of the Koman Catholic Church, was born Aug. C, 1G51, at the eastle of Fenelon, in Perigord. He was a younger son of the marquis of Fenelon. He was carefully trained at home up to twelve j'ears of age, when he was sent to tlie University of Cahors, and afterwards to the Col- lege of Plessis at Paris. His mind was very early turned towards the Church ; he preached his first ser- mon at fifteen. His theological studies were contin- ued at tlie Seminary of St. Sulpice, tlien under the charge of tlie abbe Tronson, from whom he is believed to have imbibed the views of sanctity and of "disin- Jerested love'' which were so strongly brought out in his later life. He was ordained in 1G75, and for three years was one of the priests of the parish of St. Sul- jjice. Before his ordination he was strongly inclined to a foreign mission in the Levant or in Canada, but was kept back, it is said, by his uncle. The Corre- spondance Litteraire (July 25, 18G3) gives a letter (from the archives of the French Ministry of Marine) in Col- bert's handwriting, date of 107 5, to Frontenac, governor of Canada, in which Louis XIV saj's, " I have blamed the action of abbe P'enelon, and have ordered him not to return to Canada. But I ought to say to you that it was difficult to institute a criminal process against him, or to oblige the priests of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, at Montreal, to testify against him ; and it was necessary- to remit the case to his bishop or the grand vicar to punish him bj' ecclesiastical penalties, or to arrest him and send him back to France by the first ship." According to this, Fenelon was actually in Canada {Am. Pres. Revieie, July, 18G3). Al)out the year 1678 he was appointed superior of the '''■ Xouvelles Caiholiqiies," a. society formed to educate and prose- Ij'te the children of Protestants. In tliis office he wrote his first work, De Vedacation desjilks, which has been translated into English. He now became inti- mate with Bossuet, and under his guidance wrote Rfifu- tation du Sijsthne de Malebranvhe sur la nntiire et la ijrace ; and also a treatise entitled Du Ministere des Paiikurs, in whicli heretics are attai kcd, though with moderation. Louis XIV, then about to revoke the edict of Nantes, employed Fenelon on a special mis- Bion to the Protestants of Poitou. He accepted the charge on the condition that no means of conversion were to be used but persuasion. In 1G89 he was in- trusted with the education of the young duke of Bur- gundy. For his royal pupil he wrote Tclemaque. Af- ter five j'ears' service, he was elevated to the archbish- opric of Cambraj' in 1G94. He had previously become intimate with IMadame Gtiyon (q. v.), and his relations with her, and the complications which grew out of them, embittered more or less his whole after life.