have been written by Latin (perhaps Irish) monks in the 9th century. — Scrivener, Introd. p. 122 sq. ; Tre- gelles in Home's Introduction, iv, 19G sq. See Manu- scripts, Biblical.
held, the monastic domain, which comprised a great part of northern Switzerland, became a distinct juris- diction, within which the abbot, like many of his breth- ren in the great Benedictine monasteries, exercised all tlie rights of a suzerain. For several centuries the alibey of St. Gall held one of the highest places in the order. Its schools enjoj'ed wide reputation. Its members held a distinguished place among the scholars of mediaeval Germany; and many of them, as, for example, Notker, are known to have cultivated not only the ordinary learning of the schools, but also physic, mathematics, and astronomy. The school of St. Gall, too, was one of the most eminent for the cul- tivation of music, and its MSS., preserved in its libra- ry, have been extensively^ made use of by the restorers of ancient ecclesiastical music. A town of considera- ble inijiortance grew up around the monastery, and was called by the same name; and as the wealth and influence which attached to the dignity of the abbot began to make it an oliject of ambition to rich and
Galland, Andrea, or Gallanditts, Andreas, an Italian priest and abbot of the Oratorian congregation, w-as born at Venice Dec. G, 1709, and died in the same city Jan. 12, 1779. He rendered great service to lit- erature by his edition of the fathers, entitled Eihliothe- ca Vetentm Patrxnn, antiquoriim que scriptorum cccl. Gr. et Lat. (Venet. 1765-1781, 14 vols. fob). It comprises in all 380 writers, and is considered to be one of the most accurate and useful of all the libraries of the fa- thers. He left in ]MSS. Thesaurus Anliquitaiis Ecde- siasticm (13 vols. fob). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ginerale, xix, 291.
Gallas ("invaders"), a race inhabiting the south and east of Abyssinia. "The general name by which
powerful families, we find the succession of abbots, in the tribes designate themselves is Oroma (orma, men), the 13th and 14th centuries, sadly degenerated from Although generally belonging to the negro race, they their jiious and learned predecessors in the office. A ' are not purely negroes, but form with the Fulahs, stringent refdrm was enforced about the -time of the ISbmdingoos, and Nubas, as it were, the transition to Council of Constance; but the burghers of St. Gall , the Shemitic variety, and seem to belong to that great bad grown dissatisfied under this rule, and on the out- I family inhabiting the east of Africa, from the frontiers
GALLAUDEt
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GALLERY
of the Cape land to Abyssinia, and usualh' denomi- nated tlie Kafirs. Tliey are a vigorous, well-formed people, of a dark-brown color, with hair frizzled, Imt not quite woolly, round faces, and small, sharp eyes, and are distinguished not less b}' their energy and •warlike spirit than by their mental capacities. They first appear in history in the 16th century as a bar- barous people, extending their conquests from the in- terior of Africa, linking waste, by constant incursions, tlie countries of Eastern Africa to tlie mountains of Ahj'ssinia, gradually subduing or expelling the orig- inal inhabitants (hence their name), occupj'ing great ](art of Aliyssinia, and advancing as far as the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. It is only of late years tliat their power in Aliyssinia, and their incursions into that country, have been partiall}' checked, chiefly by the vigorous government of the king of Shoa, who has subdued some of the Gallas tribes, and induced them to profess such Christianity as exists in Ab3'ssinia. 'I hey still, however, occupy many districts of Abj's- sinia, and extend their power to an indefinite extent over the countries situated south and south-west of it. Politicall}', the Gallas do not form a single nation, but are divided into numerous tribes, forming separate kingdoms and states, wliich are frequent!}' at war with each other. Most of the Gallas follow pastoral avocations. Some, however, througli intercourse with the semi-Christian, semi-civilized Ab^'ssinians, have become tillers of the soil. The wandering Gallas are mainly engaged in hunting and the slave-trade. The larger number of the Gallas are still heathens, though IMohammedanism has lately made great progress among them. Their religion bears a resemblance to that of the Kafirs" (Chaml)ers, s. v.). Compare Jomard, Xo- tlces sur les Gal'as (Paris, 1839) ; Beke, On the Origin of the Gallas (London, 1848); Plowden, Ahysdnia and the Gall IS Cuu7if}-i/ (London, 1868). Behm {Geograph.- Jahrbuch, vol. i, Gotha, 18C4) assigns to the Gallas a territory of about 280,000 sq. miles and 7,000,000 peo- ple. The Roman Catholic Clmrch has a mission among the Gallas, which in 1841 was erected into a vicariate apostolic. The letters of the vicar apostolic, INIassaja, in the Annales de la Propagat.de F/d, are among the chief sources of our information on the Gallas. IMassnja was the founder of the mission, and was in 1809 still at its head. (A. J. S.)
Gallaiidet, Thomas Hopkins, LL.D., an emi- nent Congregational minister and philanthropist, was born Dec. 10, 1787, in Philadelphia. He graduated at Yale College in 1805, and was chosen tutor in 1808, whicli office he held two years, after which he was en- gaged in mercantile business until 1811, when he en- tered the theological seminary. In 1814 he received his license, and became pastor at Portsmouth. Here he became interested in a little deaf and dumb girl, Alice Cogswell, and instructed her with success. Her fatlier, Dr. Cogswell, became the founder of an associ- ation for the aid of deaf mutes; and funds being pro- vided, Jlr. Gallaudet resigned his ministry, and went to Europe in 1815 to study the existing deaf and dumb institutions. At the London Deaf and Dumb Asy- lum he was refused admission except as junior assist- ant. He tlien went to Edinlnirgh, but tlierc the teach- er had learnt his system from the Messrs. Braidwood, and had been comi)elled to sign an engagement not to impart the method to any other person intending to become a teacher. He then betook himself to Paris, and was warml}' received bj' the abbe Sicard. Every- thing was laid freely open to him. He was able to return to America before the close of 1816, and Sicard allowed Laurent le Clerc, a deaf-mute, who was one of the l)est teachers of the institution, to accompanv him to America. During his absence in Europe the society liad been incorporated ; Mr. Gallaudet was now appointed its principal, Le Clerc being his head assist- ant, and on the loth of April, 1817, The American Asy- lum for the Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford, Conn., was