formall}'' opened. Mr. Gallaudet remained head of the asj'lum until 1830, when he resigned from ftiiling health. The system which he established was found- ed on that of Sicard, with modifications. " It is known as the American system. The main principle with Jlr. Gallaudet was to call out the intelligence of the pupil as much as possible, by exercising him in de- scribing things for himself, and to discourage the mere learning b}' rote ; and the result was to stimidate the mind of the teacher, as well as of the pupil, in no ordi- nary degree. ]Mr. Gallaudet's ex^tions were by no means confined to the deaf and dumb asylum. He took an ardent and active interest in the improvement and extension of common schools, and in tiie raising up of a superior body of teachers, and wrote several pamphlets on the subject. He also zealously advoca- ted the adoption of means of imparting moral and re- ligious training to prisoners, and was an earnest pro- moter of the movement for improving the manage- ment of the insane. So strongly did he feel on this matter, tliat, though in but feeble health, ho accepted in 1838 the oftice of chaplain of the state Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, where, it is stated, ' the expe- rience of each successive j-ear furnished accumulating evidence of the usefulness of his labors, and the effica- cy of kind moral treatment and a wise religious influ- ence in the melioration and care of the insane.' " He died Sept. 10, 1851. Besides a number of tracts and essays on the education of the deaf and dumb, and on the treatment of the insane, he published Discourses on various Points of Christian P'aith and Practice (Lond. 1818, 8vo) : — Remarks on Teachers' Seminai'ies (1826) : —The Child's Book on the Soul (1830, often reprinted, and translated into most European languages): — Scrip- ture Biography (5 vols. 1838—1844). See Humphre}-, Life and Labors of Gallaudet (N. Y. 1857, 12mo) ; Eng- lish Cyclopaedia ; Sprague, Annals, ii, 609.
Gallery, an architectural term describing the por- ticoes or verandas which are not uncommon in East- ern houses. See House. It is doubtful, however, whether two of the three Hebrew words so translated have any reference to such an object. See Archi- tecture.
1. p^rx, attik' (Ezek. xli, 15 [where the text has pWX, atluk'l, 10; Sept. «7roXo(7roj' ; xlii, 3, 5, Sept. 77epi(jrv\ov ; according to Gesenius, from pT^^, to cut oj'; according to Fiirst, from an obsolete p~X, to set ojj), by some thought to mean (as in xlii, G) pillars or columns (so Villalpandus, Cocceius) ; by others a dec- rement or terrace (so Gesenius, Fiirst, Hilvernick, Hit- zig), as the context requires (Bottcher, Proben, p. 350). See Temple. The ancient interpreters arc wholly at fault ; the Sept. renders ambiguously, the Talmud "corners," the Syr. "balustrade," and the Jewish in- terpreters confess their ignorance (Kimchi, Jarchi).
2. '^^T}"^, rachit' (Cant, i, 17; cither, with Fijrst, from an obsolete root wH"!, to trim, or, with Gesenius, for rJ'^17"', rahit', as in the margin), prob. panel-vrovk or fretted ceiling (so Sept. (pa-vwijara,Yn\g. laquea- ria, A. V. "rafters," marg. "galler}-"). See Ceilixo. In consequence of the var. read, in the Masoretic text (q. d. ambulatory or place of exercise), this term has been confounded with
3. -?^'^, ra'hat (from liH"', io fow Aown ; spoken of watering-<?-0M(7As, Gen. xxx, 38, 41 ; Exod. ii, 16), curled locks or ringlets of a maiden (Cant, vii, 6 ; Sept. 7rnpnc"no///;,Vulg. canalis'). See Hair.
Gallery, originally a banqueting hall. The word is now applied, in ecclesiastical architecture, to any floor elevated above the floor of a main audience room of a cliurch, and l)uilt to contain hearers. Galleries of this kind date from the time of the Reformation, though somewliat similar galleries existed in the By- zantine churches. Narrow covered passage-ways,
GALLEY
■24
GALLICAN CHURCH
within or without a church, especially in Komanesque churches, arc also termed galleries. (G. F. C.)
Galley is the rendering in the A. V. in one passage (Isa. xxxiii, 21) of"i:X, orii', a shij) or fleet, elsewhere rendered "navy." See Ship.
Ancient Assyrian Galley.
Gallican Church, a name often given to the Ro- man Catholic Church of France. The peculiar spirit of that Church, especialh' with regard to its relations to Rome, is called Galhc.\nis.m. Tlie term is espe- cially used with reference to the principles of the French Church, in opposition to Ultramontanism (the extreme papal view of Church polity), as emhodied in the four articles of 1C82 (see below). But it is historically certain that from a very early period the national Church of France had a character and spirit of freedom peculiar to itself, and that the roots of the so-called modern Gallicanism are to be traced far l)ack into antiquity (see Bossuefs sermon at the opening of tlie Assembly of 1G82, and his Defensio Declanitionis, and our article France).
The Frankish Church, in the time of Charlemagne, assumed a form and gave evidence of a spirit marked by the national temper, and obviously different from the Italian ideal of the Churcli as organized under the pope. In almost every century thereafter the mon- arclis and bishops of France resisted what the}- held to be unauthorized claims on the part of Rome. Never- theless, the Gallican spirit often yielded, and not unfre- quontly the French bishops were themselves, in part at least, ultramontane. The French Parliaments were generally on the side, naturalh', of the Gallican spirit. Hincmar, bishop of Rheims (f 882), manfully stood by his king, Charles the Bald, when pope Adrian II at- tempted to drive him from the throne. Charles him- self, in an epistle to Adrian, "argues respecting the distinction between tlie temporal and the spiritual pow- er, and also alleges the peculiar supremacy of the kings of France. To prove these and similar points, he re- fers not only to the archives of the Roman Church, but to tlie writings of St. Gelasius, St. Leo, St. Gregory, and even St. Augustine himself. (See I/!si. IJiffraire (le la France, Fleurj-, 1, lii, s. 8, 22.) Hincmar wrote many of that king's letters, and may probably have been the author of this" (Waddington, Jlistory of the Church, chap. xiv). But no formal attempt to hx the position of the Church in France on a basis of inde- pendence was made In' any of the monnrchs of the countr}' before Louis IX (St. Louis, f 1270). His " Pragmatic Sanction"(A.D. 12G8) was directed chiefly against the pecuniary claims and extortions of Kome. It is comprised in six articles: (1.) The churches, the prelates, the patrons, and the ordinary collators of ben- elices, sliall enjoj- tlieir rights to their full extent, and each shall be susUuned in his jurisdiction. (2.) The cathedral and other churches shall possess the liberties of elections, which shall be carried into comjrletc ef- fect. (:>.) "We will that simony:, the pest of the Church, be wholly banished from our kingdom. (-1.) Promo- tions, collations, provisions and dispositions of prela-