The principles of 1GS2 are recognised as fundament- al in the present French empire, but tha majority of the French bishops are at jjresent ultramontane. Po- litical ultraniontanism, however, is extinct, in spite of the reassertion of its antiquated formulas by papal writers. The old system of taxation at the will of the court of Rome cannot be revived. The hurarchy is indestructible ; for, so long as papacy retains its char- acter, and so long as the French Church remains Eo- luan Catholic, so long must the supremacy of the pa- pal chair be upheld ; and the favorite expression "National Church" is onlj' correct in a restricted sense, since, not being independent, it cannot really be altogether national. Only in moments of high ex- citement did Gallicanism entertain the idea of having a separate, particular, independent patriarch. As to liturgical and even dogmatical iiltramontanism, it is complained of in periodicals and pamphlets, and even by bishops, and tlie old Gallicanism is appealed to against it, but with the less success, as there is a tend- ency to agree with Rome in dogmas and liturgies, for fear of her still exorbitant power, and also with the gen- eral aim of unity, so dear to the Roman Catholic mind. That the French nation, its episcopate, or its clergy v,-ill ever become Italianized, is neither to be hoped by Rome nor feared by France. Bossuet's statement to the cardinal d'Estrees is as correct now as it was when first written by him: " Trois points pcuvent blesser les Romains : I'independance de la temporalite des ruis; la juridictiou episcopale immediatement de Je- sus-Christ, et I'autorite des conciles. Tons savez bien que sur ccs trois choses on ne biaise point en France." This is the true Galilean doctrine; other issues have arisen onlj'astho effects of the momentar}' excitement of conflict.
As for the ruling powers of the Church of Rome at present, they hold Gallicanism to be simply the de- cayed, but not defunct view of a sect within the Church. For the revival trf Gallican principles in Germany, sec Hoxtiieim. A good exponent of o])in- ion is given by the fact that in "Wctzer and Welte's
Kirchen-Lexihon, the best Roman Catholic Cyclopaedia ever issued, to wliich the best and most learned Ger- man Roman Catholic tiieologians are contributors, Gallicanism is throughout classed with Jansenism as a pernicious mode of ecclesiastical thought. Tlie re- ception of the dogma of the Immaculate Conce])tion bv the Church of France was a violation of the old Galli- can spirit.
Literature. — See, besides the voluminous writings of Pithou and Bossuet on this subject, Maimbourg, Traite hhtonque de Venlise d. Rome (Paris, 1686, 4to); Hist.du droit jmblic fraii^. eccUs. (Lond. 1737); J. de Maistre, De legl. f/allic. (1 vol. 8vo) ; Bu Pope (2 vols. 8vo); Andre Dupin, Defence de la loi organiqne d. cmi- cordat; Les likrt. de I I'glise Gall. (Paris, 1824, r2mo); Bordas-Dumoulin, Les pouvoirs constitulifs de I'eglise (Paris, 1855, 8vo) ; Fr. Huet, Le Gallic, so7i 2)asse, s. situation j^resente dons I'ordre polit. et relig. (Paris, 1855) ; Fleury, Discovrs sur les liherih d. I'igl. gallic. ; Gregoire, Essai hist, sur les lihertes d. I'igl. gallic, (two editions) ; Fraj-ssinous, Les vrais principes de I'eglise gallic, (three editions) ; Clausel de Mentals (a French bishop of decided Gallican views). Effi-ts piohables d. disputes stir les art. Gall. (1858) ; Pir-traitjidde de Vigl. g dlic. (1854) ; Mimoire {iinonyme') sur la situation jrri- tente d. I'eglise gallic, it ses maximes venghs centre les attaques de Monsieur le Comie de Montulemlert ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. iv, G47 sq. (from which much of this article is translated); Guettee, //I'stoVe de Viglise de L'rance (12 vols. 8vo) ; Guettee's periodical journal L' Ohserratevr Caiholique ; Dupin, Manuel du droit pub- lic ccclesiastique frangais (Paris, 1845) ; Phillips, Kir- chenrecht, iii, 339-365; Hare, Contest uilh Rome (Lon- don, 1852), 209 sq. ; Westminster Revieiv, xii, 2i3 ; North British Review, xiii, 241 ; Ranke, History of the Popes (passim) ; Eiit. and For. Erang. Review, October, 1866, art. iii; Gosselin, Power of the Pipes (London, 1852, 2 vols. 8vo). See Pope, Temporal power of.
Gallican CcnfeEsioii (Coifcssio GalUcana). The Confession of Faith of tlie Gallican Churches was pro- ]iosed and accepted at the first synod held by the Re- formed at Paris in 1559. In 1560 it was presented to Francis II, and in 15G1 it was presented to Charles IX, king of France, b}- Theodore Beza. This confes- sion has been repeatedly printed, and in various forms, both separately and together, with Bibles, Psalters, Catechisms, and other ecclesiastical publications of the Reformed French Church. It is thoroughly Calvinistic in doctrine, and is supposed liy many to ha\e been writ- ten !)}• Calvin himself, but there is no suflicient ground for the opinion (Niemeyer, Prof. xlix). It is given in Latin bv Nicmever, Collectio Confesiionum (Lips. 1840, 311 sq.).
Galilean Liturgy. See Liturgy.
Gallienus, Plblius Licixirs, a Roman emperor, became sole sovereign A. I). 260, and was assassinated at !Milan in 2G8. Flis reign is memorable in Church History, as he gave peace to the Christians liy an edict in which he recognised the Church as a civil corpo'a- tion. — Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. vii, 13 ; Hase,CA. Hist. § 48.
Gal'lim (Hob. Gallim' , fiiS, heaps, or perhaps fnaitains'), a place which is twice mentioned in the Bi- ble : (1.) As the native place of the man to whom Mi- chal, David's wife, was given — " Phald, the son of La- ish, who was from Gallim" (:"''sri"C, 1 Sam. xxv, 44; Sept. 'P6i.tfia; Josephus riC\a. Ant. vi, 13, 8); but there is no clew to the situation of the place. In 2 Sam. iii, 15, IG, where Jlichal returns to David at He- bron, her husband is represented as following her as far as Bahurim, i. o. on the road between the Mount of Olives and Jericho (comp. 2 Sam. xvi, 1). But even