! this does not necessarily point to the direction of Gal- lim, because Phalti may have been at the time with Ishbosheth at Mahanaim, the road from which would
i naturally lead past Bahurim. (2.) The name occurs
GALLIC
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GALLUS
again in the catalogue of places terrified at the ap- proach of Sennacherib (Isa. x, 30 ; Sept. raWfi'/i) : "Lift up thy voice, 0 daughter (i. e. iniiabit;int) of Galliiii ! attend, U Laish ! poor Anathoth !" The otli- er towns in tliis passage — Aiath, Jlichmash, Raniali, Gibeah of Saul— are all, lilie Anatlioth, in tlie tribe of Benjamin, a short distance north of Jerusalem. It should not be overlooked that in both these passages the names Laish and Gallim are mentioned in connec- tion. Possibly tlr3 Ben-Laish in the former implies that Phalti was a nvtive of Laish, tliat being depend- ent on Gallim. Its site was unlinovvn to Eusebius and Jerome {Onomast. s. v. VaWti, Gallim), although from hearsay (\f ysrai) thej' place a village of a simi- lar nams (ruXAata) near Accaron (Ekron). Schwarz (Pale.it. p. 131) reports a Beit-DjalUn between Ptanileh and Joppa, but by otlier explorers the name is given as Beit-Dejan. I'orter suggests the little village of Himseh as a suitable locality {flandb.for S//ria, p. 214) ; but there are no ruins there, as at Khlrbet el-Haiyeh (Ruins of tlie Serpents), on a low tell, a little farther N.E., containing the remains of an ordinary village, with a cistern in the middle (Robinson, Later Research- es, p. 288).
Among the names of towns added by the Sept. to those of Judah in Josh, xv, 59, Gallim (FaXXi'/i v. r. TaX'ifi') occurs between Karem and Tiiether. In Isa. XV, 8, the Vulgate has Gallim for Eijluim, among the towns of Moab. — Smith, s. v.
Gal'lio (Grsecized VaXKiwv), a son of the rhetori- cian jNI. Annasus Seneca, and elder brother of Seneca tha philosopher. His name was originally M. Ann. Novatus, but changed to Junius Annveus (or Anxie- Nus) Gallio, in consequence of his adoption hj L. Junius Gallio the rlietorician (Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxi, 33; Tacitus, Annul, xvi, 17; Quintil. Inst. Orat. iii, 1, 21 ; ix, 2, 91). Seneca dedicated to him his treatise De Vita Beata, and in the preface to the fourtli book of his Xaturah'S QiKestiones describes him as a man uni- versally lieloved (comp. Stat. Silv. ii, 7, 32) ; and who, while exem]itfrom all other vices, especially abhorred flattery. Dion Cassius (Ix, 35) mentions a witty but bitter joke which he made in reference to the persons put to deatli by Claudius. According to Eusebius, he committed suicide before the death of Seneca (^Thesau- rus Teinporum, p. 161, Amstel. 1G58), but Tacitus speaks of liim as alive after that event (Anwil. xv, 73), and Dion Cassius states that he was put to death by order of Nero (see Antonii Bibl. Hispan. vet. i, 121 sq.). One writer (Gelpe, D,' famlliarit. Pauli c. Senec. Lips. 1813, p. IS) thinks that Seneca was converted through the instrument ility of Paul. He was Proconsul (iiv'Jv- TzanvovTOi:, Tex. rec. ; uv'SuTrdrov ovtoq, Tischen- dorf) of Achaia (Acts xviii, 12) under the emperor Claudius, when Paul first visited Corinth, and noblj' refused to abet the persecution raised by the Jews against the apostle (see Dannhauer, Da GalUonismo, Argent. 1661 ; also in his Dlsp. theol. p. 175 sq.), A.D. 49. Sec AcuAiA. Dr. Lardner has noticed the strict accurac)' of Lulve in giving him this designation, which is obscured in the Auth. Vers, by the use of the term deputij {Credibility, pt. i, l>k. i, ch. i ; Works, i, 34). See Proconsul. He is said to have resigned the govern- ment of Achaia on account of the climate not agreeing with his health (see Seneca, Ep. 104). — Kitto, s. v. See Paul.
Gallitzine or Galitzin, Dmitri Augustin, son of tlie Russian princess Amalie of Gallitzine, was born at the Hague Dec. 22, 1770. His mother was an enthusiastic Roman Catholic convert, and under her influence he joined the Roman Church at seventeen. He entered the Austrian army, and served with it in the Netlierlands in 1792. He set out, after leaving the arm}', for a journey in America, and on the vovage was led by the counsels of a missionary named ISrosius to turn bis mind to the priesthood. He was ordained
March 18, 1795, and devoted his life to missionary la. bors. In 1799 he selected a spot among the Alleghan- ies as the seat of a Roman Catholic town, and founded Loretto, now a town of several thousand inhabitants, with Roman Catholic schools for boys anil girls in the neighborhood. As " Father Smith" he lal)ored exten- sively in the wild region of the AUeglianies, and left enduring marks of his energy, faith, and devotion throughout that countr}'. He died at Loretto INIay G. 1840. He published a Defence of Catholic Piinciples (Pittsburg, 1816 ; new edit". Dublin, 1867) -.—Appeal to the Protestant Public (Pittsburg, 1818), and other small works.
GaHows ('i'^), ets, a tree or wood), a post or gib- bet, rendered in Esth. 6, 4 "gallows," but in Gen. xl, 19, and Deut. xxi, 22, " tree." Hanging appears to have been a punishment practised among the Egyp- tians and other ancient nations, as well as among the Hebrews. See Punishment.
Galluppi, Pasquale, an Italian philosoplier, was ! born at Tropea, in Calabria Ultra, April 2, 1770, and died at Naples in November, 1846. The groundwork of his education was laid at Tropea under the instruc- tions of J. A. Rufta, and he afterwards completed his studies at the University of Naples, in which institu- tion he subsequently became professor of philosophj'. In liis writings he combated the philosophical doc- trines in vogue in the IStli centurj% and strove to re- establish Italian philosophy on its old bases, recognis- ing in man's nature a double element, the spiritual and material, in accord with tlie philosophy of the Church fathers. His first work, a pamphlet, dated 1807, on Analysis and Synthesis, sets forth his philo- sophical method. Shortlj' after it he published his Essaj' on Knowledge, in four books, treating (1) of Icnowledge, (2) of the analysis of the faculties of the human mind, (.3) of the analysis of ideas, and (4) of tlie legitimate reasons of our judgments and our errors. His Sufff/io Filosofco sullu critica della con-jsrenza (Na- ples, 1819, 6 vols. 8vo) contains an examin^.tion of the principal doctrines of ideology, Kantianism, and the transcendental philosophy. His Elements of Philoso- phy (Elemeiitl di Filosofa, jMessina, 1832) treats suc- cessively of pure logic, psychology, mixed logic, and morals, and has been often reprinted. In 1827 Gal- luppi puljlished twelve Letters on Philosophy (Lettere fi'osqficke sidle Vicende della Filosofia, etc.), of which a 2d edition appeared in 1838, and a French translation Ij}"^ Peisse in 1844. His other Avorks are, Filosofia della Volontlt (Naples, 1835-42, and IMilan, 1845) : — Conside- razroni filosofche sulV Idealismo transcendentale e sul RazionaUsmo assoluto (Naples, 1841; Milan, 1846): — Lezioni di Loijica e di Metafisica (Naples, 1842, 5 vols.) : — Sforia ddla Filosofii (Naples, 1842): — Elementi di Teolof/ia Naturale (Naples, 1844, 4 vols.). — Hoefer, Nouv. Bioff. Genirale, xix, 334-5. (J. W. M.)