GLAPHYRA
880
GLASS
Baj-lc, General Diet, v, 435 ; Leek}', History of Ration- alism, i, 121 sq.
Glaphyra {VXatpiipa, elffjanl), daughter of Arche- laus, kin^ of Cappadocia ; married to Alexander, son of Herod the Great (Josephiis, Ant. xvi, 1, 2). She quarreled with Salome (rt. xvii, 7, 2), who, in revenge, fomented Herod's jealousy against Alexander {War, i, 24, 2, 3), which eventuated in the death of the latter. See Alexander 0. She remained faithful to her hus- band {Ant. xvi, 10, 7), and after his execution she re- turned to her father (^17, 1), although her two sons by Alexander were brought up by Herod {ib. 2). She af- terwards married Juba, king of Lydia, and at his death again returned to her father, but subsequently mar- ried Herod Archelaus, who divorced for her sake his former wife Mariamne, but she soon died, in accord- ance with a dream in which her first husband re- proached her for her repeated inconstancy {ib. xvii, 13, 4).
Glareanus, Heinricii Loriti, was born at Mol- lis, in the canton of Glarus (hence his name), in Switz- erland, June, 1488 ; studied philosophy, belles-let- tres, and theology at Rottvveil and Cologne, and in 1512 became poet laureate of the emperor Maximil- ian I. He took part in the controversies between Eeuchlin and the old-school systems ; went to Basel in 1514, to Ital}' in 1515, and in 1517 visited Paris, where ho gave jirivate instruction in the classics ; returning afterwards to Basel, he opened a school there. He showed himself at first favorable to the principles of the Reformation, but abandoned them afterwards ; and when Protestantism gained Basel, he retired with Eras- mus to Freiburg, where he became professor of litera- ture and history. He gave up this situation in 15G0, and died March 27, 1563. Glareanus was a very learn- ed man, and especially in the theory and historj' of music. His Dodecachordon (Basel, 1547) is valuable as a picture of the state of music in his ago. — H. Schrei- ber, Lehensbeschreibung (Freib. 1837); Pierer, Univer- saULexikon, s. v. ; Hsrzog, Real-Eiu'ijldopiidie, v, 165. (J. N. P.)
Glas or Glass, Joiix, founder of the sectofGlass- ites, was born at Auchtermutj^, Sept. 21, 1695. He was educated at St.Andrew's, and in 1719 became minister of Tealing. In 1727 he published a book to prove that Church establishments are inconsistent with the Gos- pel, for which he was deposed by the General Assem- bly. He imbibed a number of other peculiar opinions and gathered followers, who were called by his name in Scotland, but in England and America they were denominated Sandemanians. Glas died at Dundee in 1773. His works were puldished at Edinburgh in 4 vols. 8vo, and in a second edition at Perth (1782, 5 vols. 8vo). Among the most celebrated members of the sect was Michael Faraday. For the peculiar opin- ions of the sect, see Sandemanians.
Glass (the material is perhaps denoted by T'^l^ilST, zekulcitli , rock "cr3'stal," Job xxviii, 17; i'nXoc, f?7/s- tal, '-glass," Eev. xxi, 18, 21; and hence the adj. iidKivog, crystalline, "of glass," Rev. iv, 6; xv, 2 [see Crystal] ; the instrument or looking-glass by '\'\'^i:i>.ff!Hayon', a tablet, "roll," Isa. viii, 1 ; "^/ass," i. e. mirror, Isa. iii, 23; ilX"i'5, marnh', a "vision," as usuallj' rendered ; "looking-glass," Exod. xxxviii, 8 ; taoTT-pov, a mirror, " glass," 1 Cor. xiii, 12 ; Jas. i, 23 [see Mirror]), according to Pliny (//. Xat. xxxvi, 26), was discovered \\y what is termed accident. Some mercliants kindled a fire on tliat part of the coast of Phoenicia wliieh lies near Ptolemais, l)etwcen the foot of Carmcl and T^'re, at a spot where tlie river Belus casts the fine sand which it brings down ; but, as they were without the usual means of suspending their cooking vessels, they cmplo3'ed for tliat purpose logs of nitre, their vessel being laden witli thut substance : the fire fusing the nitre and the sand produced glass.
He proceeds to state that the Sidonians, in whose vi- cinity the discover)- was made, took it \\\\, and, having in process of time carried the art to a high degree of excellence, gained thereby both wealth and fame ; other nations became their pupils ; the Romans espe- cially attained to very high skill in the art of fusing, blowing, and coloring glass ; finallj', even glass mir- rors were invented by the Sidonians. Tills account of Pliny is in substance corroborated by Strabo (xvi, 15) and by Josephus {War, ii, 9). But this account is less likely than the supposition that vitreous matter first attracted observation from the custom of lighting fires on the sand "in a countrj' producing natron or subcarbonate of soda" (Rawlinson's Herod, ii, 82). It has been pointed out that Pliny's story m&y have orig- inated in the fact that the sand of "the Syrian river Belus, at the mouth of which the incident is supposed to have occurred, "was esteemed peculiarly suitable for glass-making, and exported in great ciuantities to the workshops of Sidon and Alexandria, long the most famous in the ancient world'' (Smith, Diet, of Class. Ant. s. V. Vitrum, where everything requisite to the il- lustration of the classical allusions to glass ma^' be found). Some find a remarkable reference to this lit- tle river (respecting which, see Pliny, Hist. Nat. v, 17 ; xxxvi, 65; Josephus, War, ii, 10, 2; Tacitus, Hist, v, 7) in the blessing to the tribe of Zebulun, "the}- shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand" (Dent, xxxiii, 19). Both the name Belus (Reland, Palast. p. 267) and the Hebrew word Pin "sand," have been suggested as derivations for the Greek i'aXof, which is, however, in all probability-, from an Egvptian root. See Belus. Some suppose that the proper name C^^O riS";'^!^ ("burnings bj'the waters") contains an allusion to Sidonian glass-facto- ries (Meier on Jos. xi, 8 ; xiii, 6), but it is much more probable that it was so called from the burning of Ja- bin's chariots at that place (Lord A. Hervey, On the Genealoyies, p. 228), or from hot springs. See Misre-