II. Theological. — The word "grace" is the hinge of three great theological controversies : (1) that of the nature of depravity and regeneration, between the or- thodox doctrine of the Church and Pelagianism ; (2) that of the relation between grace and free will, be- tween the Calvinists and the Arminians ; (.3) that of means (media') of grace, between tlie Komanists and Pusej'ites on the one hand and Protestants on the other. For the treatment of the first, see Pelagi.vn- isji; on the second, see AR:vnxiANisM ; Election; Predestination; Will. On the tliird, see Sacra- ments.
G-race, Letters of, gratiee, gratiosa resci-ipta, is the name given to particular rescripts, by which the pope sometimes grants especial privileges, indulgences, exemptions, etc. to all who have participated in extra- ordinary processions ; when a prebend or the reversion of nn office is the reward, then the letter of grace con- stitutes a gratia erspectativa (see Expectanti.e). For the canon law on the subject, see Wetzer u. Welte, Klrcken-Lex.
Grace, Means of. See Means of Grace ; Sac- raments.
Grace at meals, a short praj^er at talde, implor- ing the divine blessing, and expressing thanks to God for the food he has provided. The propriety of such an act is evident both from the scriptural injunction (1 Cor. X, 31) and from the example of our Lord (Mark viii, G, 7).
Gradniontains. See Geandmontains.
Gradual, an anthem, psalm, or part of a psalm chanted in the mass between the epistle and the gos- pel. So called because the chanter stood on the pulpit steps. The name is also given to the book confciining the psalms chanted at mass, which was called gradale, or grudua'e. — Palmer, Orig. Lilurg. ii, 46 ; Procter, On Common Prayer, p. 8, 317.
Graduate, one who has* obtained a degree in a university : the name is usually given to those who have obtahied merely the lowest degree, that of A.B. See Degrees.
Graecia. See Grecia.
Graeffe, Johann Friedrich Christoph, a Ger- man philosophical and theological writer, was born at Gottingen Feb. 15, 1754. He studied in the university of that city, became pastor of Obernjesa in 1784, and in 1792 became pastor of a parish and professor of cate- chetics and of philosophj' at Gottingen. He died at Gottingen Oct. 27, 1816. He wrote several works oii philosophy and theology, all more or less on the sys- tem of Kant. Among them are Vollstdndiges Lehrbuch d. allgemeineii Katechctik nach Kantischen G rundsdtzen (Gott. 1795-1799, 3 vols. 8vo) : — Grundsdtze d. ullgem. Katech. nach Kantisch. Grundsdtzen (Gott. 1799) : — Be Miraculoriim Natura, philosophim principiis non conti'a- dicente (Helmstadt, 1797) : — Commentar iiber eine dcr schiversteii Stellen in Kants metaphysischtn Anfangs- griinden d. Natuiivissenschaft (Celle, 1798) : — Die Pas- toraltheologie nach ihrem ganzen Umfange (Celle, 1803, 2 vols.).^See Bej'er, Allg. Mag. fur Predig. vol. xii; Doering, Gel. Theol. i, 525 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- rale, xxi, 584.
Graft (ty/c£J'^pl^te^, to piich in or spur on, Wisd. xvi, 11 ; hence to insert by an incision, Rom. xi, 23, A.V. "graff in"), the process oi inoculating ixmi-ivees., often resorted to in order to preserve the quality' of the fruit; by taking shoots or buds from approved trees and inserting them on others, where, with proper pre- cautions, they continue to grow (Rom. xi, 17-24). By this process particular sorts of fruit may be kept from degenerating, which the}' are verj' apt to do when raised from the seed ; for the grafts, though they re- ceive their nourishment from the stocks, always pro- duce fruit of the same sort as the tree from which they were taken. This process is peculiarly appropriate to the olive-tree (Stuart, Comment, ad loc). An insect of the gnat species is said to breed in the male fig-tree, and, being covered with the pollen of the male flowers, impregnates with it the stigma of the female tree. The flowers of the palm-tree j'ield fruit only on the female tree, when its stigmata have been fecundated by pollen from the male ; and as it is precarious to leave this process to be effected by insects or the wind, it is com- monlj' done by manual labor. See Fio. The He- brews appear to have pinched off the blossoms of the fruit-trees during the three first years of their growth, in order to improve their fruitfulness (Numb, xviii, 12, 13). See Tree.
Grafton, Joseph, a highly respected and useful Baptist minister, was born at Newport, R. I., in 1757. His father was a sailor, but abandoned the sea to set up the business of sail-making in Providence. Joseph, at the ago of fourteen, began working at his father's trade. He was hopefully converted in 1775, and join- ed the Congregational Church, which included Bap- tists dissatisfied with strict communion. He began
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preachinp in 1776. While preaching to a congrega- I Grain (occurs only as a rendering of ^ilS, tseroV, tion of '• .Separates" in Plainlield, C.)nn., he reconsid- ^ small st„ne or kernel, Amos ix, 9 ; kvkkoc, a herry or ered his views on communion, and joined in 1787 the : i.KUvidual seed, e. g. of mustard, Matt, x'iii, 31, etc • Baptist Church. He was ordained a pastor of the l-irst ^^ ^^.-^^^^^ j^jj^ ^j; \24 . ^ q^^ ^^. g-^ j^ j^^,^ ^^^^ j^ Baptist Church in Newton, Mass., in 1788, where for ^h^ j^^. in our American collective sense of corn (q nearly fifty years he continued his studies and labors '