Ancient I'lrvptinn Gr.in.irv, showing liow the gniin wa:. put in throu'-'h the t<ii) of tiie hin, c, from 'a hidder, rf, by sacks borne npon tlie shoulder, c, and the small sliding doors, a, 6, intended for taking it out.
far from Gaza, says, " Here were several subterranean magazines for grain, like cisterns, with a mouth like a well, such as we have seen in several villages" (/ji6. Ees. ii, 385). The peasantry in the East generally prefer these subterranean storehouses, not so much for the preservation of the corn as for the greater security atrainst marauding parties, while erected barns are
she died in great peace and joy at Stoke Fleming, Dev- ^ . .
onshire, in i)ec. 1830. See Bridges, Life of Mary Jane \ generally confined to more populous districts (Deut, Graham (London, 1832, 12mo 1833,"l8iO, and 1853, j xxviii, 8; Prov. iii, 10; Gen. xli, 35; Exod. 1, 11; 1 12nio). I Chrou. xxvii, 25 ; Luke sii, 18). ''"" ri .„^.,.,>
See Garker.
GRANDMONT
965
GRANT
Grandier, Urbaix, a French priest of the 17th century of unhapi\y memor}'. He was educated among the Jesuits, entered the order, and became cure of St. Peter's, and canon of the Holy Cross in Loudun. His preaching became very popular, and not tlie less so because of his attacks upon the vices of the clergj'. Bitter enmities were excited, and he was charged with favoring Protestantism. A manuscrijjt essaj^ against the celibacy of the clergy was found among his papers. He was condemned by the bishop of Poitiers in 1G30 to do penance, and interdicted from service as a priest for five years. From this penalty he was freed, on appeal, b}- the archbishop of Bordeaux. This triumph increased his boldness ; he returned to Loudun, and soon got into new trouble. In 1G32 the nuns of the Ursuline convent of Loudun became, as they said, possessed with devils : hysterical convulsions and all sorts of exti'avagances abounded among tlieni. Gran- dier was charged with "bewitching" them, and send- ing "legions of devils into their bodies." A libel on cardinal Richelieu, published in 1G32, was charged upon Grandier, with no ground whatever. He was arrested and conducted to Angers Dec. 7, 1033. The charges against him were sacrilege, adulter^' with the wife of a magistrate of Loudun, and with bewitching the Ursuline nuns. The records of the trial are verj' curious. One of the necessary signs of " possession," according to the Komish law, is the knowledge of lan- guages not acquired in the ordinary' wa}'. The exor- cist wiio was appointed to test the nuns asked one of them in Latin " Quern adoras?" Siie answered, with convulsive contortions, '■•Jesus Chiislus.'" One of the judges could not help remarking, "This devil, at least, does not know syntax." The trial lasted a long time, and ended in the condemnati<ui of Grandier, who was burnt alive Aug. 18, 1G34. But the devils still kept possession of the nuns; it was not till Nov. 5, lG3o, that " Leviatlian" was dislodged from tlie head of the superior of the convent; and "Behemoth," the stron- gest of all the dremons, stubbornly' kept his place till Aug. 15, 1G37. The affair, of course, caused immense scandal, and a small library of pamphlets and books was written upon the subject. Alfred de Vignv re- counts the story of Grandier at length in his Cinq- Mars. A similar trial took place in 1G47 with regard to certain cases of possession (or of crime) in the con- vent of Louviei's. See Michelet, Louis Quntorze, p. 455 sq. ; Journal des Savans, Mai, 1689; Audin, Hist, des Dinhles de Loudun (Amst. 1G93, l'2mo) ; Bajle, Dic- tiomiaire; Hoefor, N'ouv. Biog. Gmerale, xxi, G-14 sq.
Grandniont or Granimont, Order of. This religious order was founded by Stephen of Thiers, who in 107G withdrew to the mountains of Muret, near Limoges, France, to lead an ascetic life. He wore a penitent's shirt made of meshes of steel, and slept in a bed made of boards in the shape of a cof- fin. His extravagant asceticism found man}' imita- tors, who joined him in his retreat. Unwilling to take the title of prior or of abbot, he only called liim- self their corrector. To avert the evils which had ruined so many other monkish orders, he required his followers to make vows of poverty as well as of obedience and humility; and would not even permit them to possess a church or a piece of land. Greg- ory Vir, however, recognised the order onlj' on the express condition of its sul)niittiiig to the rule of Ben- edict. It is evident, however, that the founder had more in view than a mere return to the original strict- ness of the rules. St. Stephen said to his disciples, " When 3'ou are asked to what order you belong, answer, to Christianity, which is the mother and the model of all the other orders." Two cardinals who were going to France as nuncios went to visit Stephen in his retreat, and while there ha]ipcned to ask him ' whether he considered himself a canon, a monk, or a I hermit. "I am none of these, " answered Stephen. Being pressed to define more clearly his position and I
that of his followers, he said, "We are poor sinners whom God has mercifully called to the wilderness to do penance ; and the pope, in compliance with our re- quest, has himself appointed the duties we fulfil here. We are too imperfect and too weak to emulate the ex- ami)le of the saint hermits who were so alisorbed in their divine contemplations as to make them forget the natural wants of the body. You see, besides, that we do not wear the habit either of canons or of monks ; and we do not desire to be called either, as .we are far from having the merits of the one or the sanctity of the others." After the death of their founder (1124) the order withdrew to the wilderness of Grandniont, near Muret, whence they derive their name. Stephen had given them no written code of rules; they were transmitted verbally from one to another, until Ste- phen of Lisiac, fourth prior of Grandniont, caused to be collected and written all that could be ascertained of the words and acts of their founder. He even rep- resents himself in several instances as the author of the rules. The order of the Grandmontains spread only in France. In 1170 there were sixty convents following their rule, and so great was the respect they had gained that they were generally known imder the name of Good Men (honi homines). The relaxations which were subsequently introduced in the observance of their rules are to be attributed to the popes. The later history of the order is chief!}' a record of quarrels and contentions. It was extinguished in the time of the French Revolution. — Joseph Fehv, A I'c/emeine Ge- schichte d. Monchsordcn ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. v, 315 ; Butler, Lives of the Saints, Feb. 8. (A. J. S.)