GREATHEAD
975 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE
the scholars — and 30,52-i private — i. e. sustained en- tirely by the payments of scholars. The total number of scholars was\',14-l,378, of whom ],4'22,9.S-2 attended the public, and 721,390 the private schools. As the population then amounted to 17,927,009, this gives a proportion of one scholar to ever}' S^ of the inhal)itants.
"Scotland possesses four universities for the higher branches of education, viz. those of Edinburgh, Glas- gow, St. Andrew's, and Aberdeen, besides a variety of minor colleges connected with the Episcopalian, Free Church, and other non-established churches ; a com- plete system of parish schools, grammar-schools, or academies in the chief towns, which serve as prepara- tory gymnasia fur the universities, and a large number of 'denominational schools.' In 1851 the number of day-schools was 5242, of which 3349 were public, and 1893 private. The number of scholars was 308,517, of whom 280,045 belonged to the public, and 88,472 to the private schools. Out of a population of 2,888,742, this gives a percentage of 12'70, or 1 scholar to every 7# of the inhabitants. According to the education sta- tistics of 1801, the number of children from 5 to 15 years of age attending school in Scotland were 441,160, which, out of a population of 3,061,251, gives 1 scholar to every 0| of the inhabitants" (Chambers, C//cloj).).
For the Church History of Great Britain, see Eng- land, Church of ; Scotland, Church of ; Ire- land, and the articles on the several dissenting de- nominations. The most important works on the Church History of Great Britain have been referred to in the art. on England, Church of ; besides them must be mentioned Bogue and Bennett, Ilistory of Dissenters (Lond. 1808-14, 4 vols.) ; J. Bennett, History of Dissent during the lad thirty Years (Lond. 1849). (A. J. S.)
Greathead. See Grosseteste.
Great Owl. See Owl.
Great Sea. See Sea.
Greaves (innri^, mitschah\ lit. a facing ; Sept. Ki'miXctQ, Vulg. ocrew) occurs in the A. V. only in 1 Sam. xvii, 6, in the description of the equipment of Goliath — " He had greaves of brass (r'ljns, copjier) tipon his legs" (1"'53'^ ??, lit. on his feet, whence some have supposed only a kind of boot to be meant). Its ordinary' meaning is a piece of defensive armor reach- ing from the foot to the knee, and thus protecting the shin of the wearer. This was the case with the Kt't]- H'lr of the Greeks, which derived its name from its cov- ering the Kvliju), i.e. the lower part of the leg, and was a highly esteemed piece of defensive armor (see Smith, Diet, of Class. Ant. s. v. Ocrea). The Heb. term is de-
they appear to have extended over the whole (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 201). See Armor.
thigh
Ancient Grecian Greaves.
rived from H^'O, the /ore part of anything. Hence all the ancient versions and Josephus {Ant. vi, 9, 1) agree in I'egarding it as designating a defensive armor for the leg. It is to be distinguished from "jiXG, seon' (Isa. ix, 4), which Gesenius thinks was a sort of mili- tary shoe like the Roman calif/a; and it probably was similar to the greaves of the Assyrians, as represented in their sculptures, which not only protected the leg, but covered the upper part of the foot like our gaiters, and seem to have been laced up in front ; in other cases
Ancient Assyrian Greaves
Gre'cia (Heb. Yavan', "1^, i. e. Javan [q. v.], as usually rendered), the Latin form (Dan. viii, 21 ; x, 20; xi, 2) of the country elsewhere termed Greece (q.v.).
Gre'cian (Heb. in the ])\nr. Benef hay-Yevaniin , O'lDT'tl ■'^a, sons of the lonians, Joel iii, 6; in the ApoVr. ''E\X>;)', 1 Mace, vi, 2; viii, 9, 18; 2 Mace, iv, 15 ; xiii, 2 ; in the N. T. ' E\\)ivt(TT))c, a Hellenist, Acts vi, 1 ; ix, 29 ; xi, 20), the name of the people elsewhere called Greeks (q. v.).
Grecian Architecture. Grecian architecture differs from other styles of ancient architecture in this, that it was devoted almost solely to religious uses. Its chief aim was to supply permanent and worthy temples . as residences of the deities, as, during the early history of Greece, the images and statues of the deities were placed in the hollow trunks of trees and under canopies for protection.
IMost of the elements from which the Ionic order of architecture was developed are easily traced to an As- syrian origin, as is seen in the ornamentation of the
Fig. 1. Plan of the Tieibuiy of Atreus (fiom Lubke's Ge- schichte der Architektur).
Fig. 2. Section of the Traasury of .\treus.
GRECIAN AKCHITECTURE 976 GRECIAN^ ARCHITECTURE
oolumns and walls of the Treasury' of Atreus at My- cena\ On the other hand, the elements of the Doric order were mostly adopted from the more severe and stately temple architecture of Egypt. Under the ex- traordinary aesthetic feeling and culture of the Greeks, these elements, though of foreign origin, were devel- oped and modified until, with the addition of certain native elements, there was produced a degree of per- fection of architectural form, and of symmetrical and harmonious combination of parts into a unique whole, that has never been surpassed in the whole history of architecture.
3. Pillar at the Entrance of the Treasury of Atreus.
The tendency to Oriental luxury and individual power that characterized the treasure-houses of the rvoavvoi was checked by the overthrow of their chiefs and the establishment of democracj'. From the time of the Tviunn'oi till the accession of Alexander the Great, Grecian architecture (as well as sculpture and painting) was devoted almost solely to the service of religion.