Graverol, Jean, a French Protestant theologian, was born at Nismcs, July 28, 1G47 (Sept. 11, 1636, ac- cording to Graverol de Floghrevar). After studying theology at Geneva, he was appointed minister of Pra- del (Vivarais) in 1671. In 1672 he removed to Lyons. A.fter the revocation of the edict of Nantes he went to Holland, remained a while in Amsterdam, and finally went to take charge of a French congregation in Lon- don. He died there in 1730, according to Menard ; in 1718, according to Watt. He wrote De Re.ligionum Con- ciliatoribus (Lausanne, 1674, 12mo, under the pseudo- nyme of J. Kolegravius) : — LJ" Ef/lise protestante justi- fiee par VEglise romaine sur quelques points de contro- rerse (Geneva, 1682, 12mo, Anon.) : — Projet de reunion entre les protestants de la Grande-Bretagne (Lond. 1689, 8vo) : — Moses vindicatus adv. Th. Burnetii archieologias philosophiras (Amst. 1694, 12mo): — Des I^oints fonda- mentaux de la Religion chretienne (Amst. 1G97, 8vo). See IMoreri, Did. hist. ; Bayle, (Eiivres diverses, iv, 605 and 610 ; Micliel Nicholas, Hist, litter, de Nhnes, vol. ii ; Haag, Zr/, France Protestante ; Hoefer, Nota\ Biog. Generale, xxi, 746.
Graves, Hiram Atwill, a Baptist pastor and
GRAVES
972
GRAVING
writer, was born at Wendell, Mass., in 1813. In boy- hood he was a precocious student. He graduated at Middleliur}^ College, Vt., in 1834. On account of im- paired health he did not pursue a regular course of study for the ministry, but was ordained in 1837 at Springtield, Mass. He became in 18-iO pastor of a church in Lynn, and in 1842 editor of the Christian Re- Jlector, a paper which has since, in conjunction with another, become a journal of extensive influence. In- firm health sent him to Cuba in 1845, and to reside in Jamaica in 1S4G-40. He returned without essential benefit, and died in 1850. He was author of The Fam- ilij Circle : — The Attractions of lieavtn. (L. E. S.)
Graves, Richard, D.D., a learned Irish divine, was born at Kiltinnan, Limerick, Oct. 1, 17G3, and was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he be- i • , , ,, , . , -. y- ,,
- ,, . ^„Z T iQioi 1 1 ^f \,. iiitdudes other usages, which remove It from Ihe spe-
came fellow in I(8G. In 1813 he became dean of Ar- j . , ^
He died Mar. ^''^'^ **^i^se of our art. (Thus, while with 'SS alone,
(But see below, under w".) This word is contracted with
2. 'uTf r^) charash' (or, as it once occurs, riTfl, cha- rath', in Exod. xxxii, IG), which is used to describe " engraving" in Jer. xvii, 1. In Gen. iv, 22 the par- ticipial derivative of this root is employed in the de- scription of Tubal-cain, the Biblical progenitor of all artificers of the kind indicated in this article. But it is less in the verbal forms than in the noun U"n that this word expresses tlie art before us. As a noun it occurs more than thirty times, and is rendered vari- ously in A. V. ("engraver," "craftsman," "smith," "artificer," etc.). Though it indicates artistic work hy Jine instruments, in metal, wood, and stone, and is thus opposed to the rougher operations of 'Z'^Vi, it yet
dagh, and regius professor of divinity. 29, 1829. Home pronounces his Lectures on the Penta- teuch (1807, 2 vols. 8vo) "indispensably necessary to the Biblical student." Besides that learned work, which passed through several editions, lie wrote The Apostles u'mJ Evangelists not Enthusiasts (1798) : — Scrip- tural Proofs of the Trinity (four discourses) : — Absolute Predestination compared tcitk the Scrijiture statement of the Justice of God: — Predestination rejMgnantto the gen- eral tenor of Sci-ipttire (Lend. 1825, 8vo). These, with a number of Sermons, are given in his ll'^ofe \Vo?-ls now first collected (London, 1840, 4 vols. 8vo), of wliich vol. i contains a memoir of his Lfe and Writings by his son, E. H. Graves, D.D.
Graving. There is much indistinctness in the terms of this ancient art of the Jews, arising from the fact that one and the same artisan combined, in skill and practice, manj' branches, which tlie modern prin- ciple of " division of labor" has now assigned to differ- ent pursuits. Thus Aholiab was not only "an en- graver," but also "a cunning workman" in general art, "and an embroiderer in blue, and in purple, and in scarlet and fine linen" (Exod. xxxviii, 23). In like manner Bezaleel is described as accomplished "in all manner of workmanship ; and to devise curious works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in the cutting of stones to set them, and in carving of wood, to make an^' manner of cunning work" (Exod. xxxv, 31-33). These numerous gifts they both possessed and practiced themselves, and imparted to others ; so that they formed an early school of art to supply tlic demand created by the institution of the Mosaic ritual, the members of which school were as comprehensive in their attainments as their great teachers (Exod. xxxv, 34; xxxvi, i, 2). The same combination of arts seems to have characterized the later school, which was formed under the auspices of David, when preparing for tlie erection of the Temple (1 Chron. xxii, 15; xxviii, 21). ISIanj- of these artificers were Phffiiiicians, whom the king had invited to his new capital (2 Sam. v, 11 ; 1 Chron. xiv, 1). In the next reign, Hiram, to whose genius the Temple of Solomon owed mucii of the beauty of its architectural details, as well as its sacred vessels (1 Kings vii, 15-45), was a native of Tyre, the son of a Tyrian artificer by an Is- raclitisli mother. This man's sliill was again as com- prehensive as that of his great predecessors (v, 14).