5. nrs, pathach' (in Piel and Pual), is perhaps dis- tinguished from the term we have just considered (bos) by being used to describe figures in relief rather than statues, such as the cherubic figures on the walls of the Temple (see 1 Chron. iii, 7). Compare the cog- nate noun nTOD,piV/«'«c/j, engraved figure, in 1 Kings vi, 29, which passage informs us that the Temple walls were lavishly adorned with these figures, standing out probably in various degrees of relitf (see also other but similar work, described b}' this verb, 1 Kings vii, 36). The chief application, however, of the word is to the cutting and engraving of precious stones and met- als (^intaglio work, as distinguished from the raised work of cameos, etc.), such as the breastplate of the high-priest (Exod. xxviii, 9-11, 21), and the plate of his mitre (ver. 36, 37). The mystic engraving of Zech. iii, 9 is likewise described in the same terms. The splendid jewelry of Solomon's time, as referred to in
the Canticles, i, 10, 11, is best classed under the art in« dicated by MrS and its derivatives. From Isa. iii, 18, 24, it appears that this art of the goldsmith continued rife in later reigns, and was not imknown even after the captivity (see Zech. vi, 11). The neighboring na- tions were no less skilled in this branch of art ; for in- stance, the Egyptians, Exod. xii, 35, compared with xxxii, 2, 3; the Canaanifes, Josh, vi, 19; tlie Midian- itcs. Numb, xxxi, 50, and (afterwards) Judg. viii, 24- 26; the Ammonites, 1 Chron. xx, 2 ; the Syrians of Zo- bah and Hamath, 2 Sam. viii, 7-11.
6- »"??)?"2, viiklaath, like our last term of art, de- scribes sculpture in relief (Fiirst, Heir. Worterh. i, 780) ; it occurs 1 Kings vi, 18, 29 (" carved figures" of cher- ubims), 32 ; vii, 31 ("gravings)."
7. 13'^H, che'ret, occurs only in Exod. xxxii, 4 (A. V. "a graving tool"), and in Isa. viii, 1 (A.V. "«pe?«"). This was rather the scalprum fabrile of the Romans (Livy xxvii, 49) than the stylus (see Smith's Diet, of G. and R. Antiq. s. v. Scalptura. For two other opin- ions as to the meaning of ^'^H in Exod. xxxii, 4, see Gesenius, Thes. p. 520).
tjy, et (which in Psa. xlv, 2 and Jer. viii, 8, means a writer's style or reed), has the same meaning as the previous word in the other places of its occurrence (Job xix, 24 ; Jer. xvii, 1) ; here it has the epithet 5" "13, i. q. '• pen of iron." The occurrence of 12", in Job xix, 24, imparts to the "^S^HIi the idea of a finer art than is usually expressed by that verb (see De Saulc3''s Hist, de Vart Juda'ique, Paris, 1858). — Kitto, s. v. Engraving. See Carve.
Gray (some form of the root S'lb, sib), applied to the hair as an indication of old age (q. v.), which in the East is universally respected (Prov. xx, 29). See Hair.
Gray Friars. One of the mendicant orders, oth- erwise called Franciscans, Minorites, etc. The name was given from the color of the dress which they wore. See Franciscans.
Gray, James, D.D., a minister of the Associated Reformed Church, was born at Corvoam, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1770. He entered the college of Glasgow in 1790; graduated in 1793 ; afterward studied theology under the Rev. John Rogers, and was licensed by the Presbj^- icry of Monaghan. In 1797 he sailed for America. After laboring with great acceptance at Washington, N. Y., until 1803, he accepted a unanimous call to the Spruce-street Cliurch, in connection with the Associate Reformed Synod, Philadelphia. In 1805 he i-eceived the degree of D.D. from the University of Pennsylva- nia. He was one of the most important agents in es- tablishing the theological seminar}' of the Associated Reformed Church in the city of New York. In 1808 he took an active part in the organization of the Phil- adelphia Bible Society, and was for a long time its cor- responding secretary. At this time, in connection with Dr. S. B. Wj'lie, he opened a classical academy, which soon obtained great repute. After several yeare of this labor lie resigned the school, and also his pastoral charge, and removed to Baltimore, where he devoted himself especially to the study of certain points in the- ology imtil his death, wliich occurred at Gettysburg, Pa., Sept. 20, 1824. His literary reputation rests chief- ly on his Mediatorial Reign of the Son of God. He also edited for one year a Theological Revieiv, and published several Occasional Sei-mons. — Sprague, Annals (Associ- ate Ref.), ix, 94.
Gray, Robert, D.D., bishop of Bristol, was born at London in 1762. He studied at Eton and Oxford, took orders, and became successivelj- vicar of Farringdon (Berkshire), rector of Craik (Yorkshire) in 1802, and canon of Durham in 1804. His benevolence, and the talents evinced in his works, caused him to be appoint-
GREASE
974
GREAT BRITAIN
ed by lord Liverpool's caliinet to the liishopric of Bris- tol in LS"27. He was very popular in this position, and the duke of Wellington offered liim tlie see of Bangor. He declined, and died soon after at Rodnej^ House, Sept. 28, 183-1. He wrote : Key to (he 0. T. and Apocrypha, or an account of tlieir several Ijooks, their contents, and authors, and of the times in which they were respect- ively written (Lond. 1790, 8vo ; 9th ed. 1829, Svo) :— Discourses ilJuMnilive of the Evidence, Influence, and Doctrines of Christianity (Lond. 1793, 8vo) -.—Sej-mons on the Pnnciples of the Reformation of the Church cf Enyland (Banipton Lecture, 179G, 8vo) : — The Theory of Dreams (Lond. 1808, 8vo) : — The Connection between the sacred Wrilin;;s and the Literature of Jewish and heathen A uthors, etc., uith a Vietv to Evidence in Confor- mation of the Truth and revealed Reliffion (Lond. 1819, 2d ed. 2 vols. Svo).- — Rose, New General Biograph. Diet. ; Hoefer, Xouv. Biofj. Generate, xxi, 760 ; Darling, Cyclop. Bibliographica, i, 1309.