ble Coligni, which had been thrown by his orders into the court-yard, where he was awaiting the consumma- tion of the murder of this most prominent victim of that sad day. In 1575 he received, in an encounter with the Calvinists, a face-wound, which gave him the name of Balafre (the scarred), an epithet also ajiplied for a like reason to his father. In 157G he was active in the formation of tlie famous Romanist league, calkd the "//o/// Union" for the suppression of Protestant- ism, and "was, until his death, the head and soul of it." Supported by tlie pope and Philip II of Spain, he, after the death of the duke of Anjou in 1584, secretly as- pired to the throne of France, and sought to excite the nation against its king, Heniy III, and the heir ap- parent, Henry of Navarre. Though forbidden by royal order to enter Paris, Guise made a triumphal entry into, and, during the popular rebellion known as "the day of barricades," was virtually master of the capi- tal, and, had his courage equalled his ambition, might have been proclaimed king. In the same year he at- tended a meeting of the States General at Blois, where he demanded the appointment of high constable and general in chief of the kingdom. Henry, satisfied that his own life and throne were endangered bv Guise's ambition, caused him and his brother, cardinal de Guise, to be slain by his guards. — Hoefer, XoiiX'clle Biog. Generale, xxii, 77G-9, and 784-6 ; De Felice, His- tory of the Protestants of France (London, 1853, 12mo) ; Wright, History of France, i, 680-718 ; Sismondi, His- toire des Francois (see Index); Rose, A'ew Gen. Biog. Diet, viii, 155, 156; Ranke, History of the Papacy (see Index) ; Neie Amer. Cydopadia, viii, 563, 564 ; English Cyclopcedia, s. v. ; Chambers, Cyclop, s. v. (J.W. M.) Gulf (\;nff/(fl, a chasm), an opening or impassable space, such as is represented to exist between Elysium and Tartarus (Luke xvi, 26). See Hades.
Giilich or Gulichius, Aeraiiam vax, was born at Heusden about 1642. After studying at Ninieguen and the LTniversity of Leyden, he was appointed pro- fessor extraordinary of theology at Nimeguen, Jan. 17, 1667. Near the close of the same year he became or- dinary professor of philosophy and eloquence, and ex- traordinary of theology, in the gymnasium of that place. In 1679 he was appointed professor of the Car- tesian philosophy in the University of Franeker. He died Dec. 31 of the same year. While at Ham he published a philosophical Avork entitled Dispiitationes philosophicre. His theological works are, (1) Thcolo- gia Prophelica (Amsterd. 1675-94, 2 vols. ; to the first volume is appended a treatise on Hermeneutics, enti- tled Hermcneutica Sacra bijmrtita') : — (2) LiLroi-um Propheticorum Vet. et N. Test, compendium et analysis (Amst. 1694). See Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Her- rormde Kerk door A. Ypeij en J. Dermont, D. ii ; Gla- sius, Godgelcerd Nederlmid, D. i ; also J. Sch.otanus Sterringa, 0 ratio funehris in obiium A. Gulichii. (J. P.W.)
Gulielmus. See William. Gulloth (r's^, fou7itains ; Sept. roiXfia andXf'rfiw- (TicVulg. ■irn'gmtm ; Eng. Vers, "springs"), the name of two plots given by Caleb to his daughter, at her special request, in addition to her dower (Josh, xv, 18 ; Judg. i, 15); from which passages it may be inferred that they were situated in the "south land" of Judah, and were so called from the copious supply of water in their vicinity. See Aciisah. The springs Were " up- per" and "lower" — possibly one at the top and the other at the bottom of a ravine or glen ; and the}' may have derived their unusual name from their appear- ance being difl'ercnt to that of the ordinary springs of the country. The root (""'^f) has the force of rolling or tumbling over, and perhaps this may imply that they welled up in that bubbling manner wliich is not uncommon here, though apparently most rare in Pal- estiiM! (Stanley, Palestine, Append. § 55). Dr. Rosen (Ztitschr. der Deutsch. Morg. Gesellsch. 1857, p. 50 sq.)
GUNDULF
1031
GUNNING
identifies these springs with the A in NunJcur and De- wir-Ban, spots along a beautiful green valley about one hour south-west of Hebron ; and in this Stanley coincides {Jewish Church, i, 293, n.). See Deuir.
Gundulf, founder of a sect in Arras and Liege in the 11th century, lu the year 1025', Gerhard, bishop of Canibrai and Arras, caused the arrest of a number of persons charged with having propagated heretical doctrines in his diocese, and in various parts of th^ north of France. A synod was convoked at St. Mary's church, in Arras, for their trial. Their rules command- ed them to forsake the world ; to bring into subjection their fleshly lusts and passions ; to support themselves by the work of their hands ; to wrong no one, and to evince love to all who felt inclined to adopt their mode of life. This confession, joined with their well-known practice of washing each other's feet, led to the belief that they differed from other Christians only in a de- voted attachment, to the letter of Scripture. But Gerhard professed to know more of their rules than they acknowledged publieh'. He had caused himself, he says, to be initiated into their worship by some pros- elytes, and so learned all their tenets. They appear to have held the following principles : " The holy Church is the community of the righteous, and is formed of per- sons chosen by election. Admission into it is signilied by the imposition of hands, after a confession of faith and taking certain vows. Besides the regular assem- blies in the church, there are praj'er-moetings, in which the disciples wash each other's feet. The apostles and martyrs are to be venerated, but saint-worship is foi-- bidden. The fulfilment of the law constitutes right- eousness, which alone works salvation. Disobedience in the elect, and disregard of their professional vows, entail everlasting condemnation on them. Neither penitence nor conversion can afterwards avail them." These people rejected the Koman Catholic Church, the supremacy of the bishop of Kome, the respect shown to bishops, the whole hierarchical sj'stem, and even all clergy whatever. " Dogmatic, liturgic, and constitu- tive traditions are worthless and of no account. All tlie sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church are re- jected, especially baptism and the Lord's supper. The consecrated elements of the Lord's supper are nothing more than what they apjiear to our senses. At the last supper, Christ did not really give his disciples his body for food and liis blood for drink. Marriage and all sexual intercourse are to be avoided. Churches are not holy, hence worship does not derive any special virtue from its being held in them. The altar is liut a heap of stones. Fumigations and the ringing of bells are useless ceremonies. Crosses, crucifixes, images, etc., tend to idolatry."