Guignard, Jean, surnamed Briqiiai-el, a French Jesuit of the 16th centur}^ and, during the League, rector and librarian of the college of Clermont at Par- is. After the attempt of Jean Chatel against the life of king Ilenrj' IV, the Jesuits were charged with be- ing implicated in the affair, as the would-be assassin •was one of their pupils. Their houses were searched, and some violent writings of Guignard against the king were discovered. He defended himself Uy saj'ing they had been written before the king's conversion to Ro- man Catholicism, and that since that time he had al- ways taught obedience to the royal authority and re- membered the king in his prayers. He was condemn- ed of high treason, sentenced to be hung, and his body burnt. The execution took place on the same day, Jan. 7, 1595. He persisted to the last in asserting his innocence. The next day all the Jesuits were ban- ished from Paris. Some Jesuit writers — father Jouven- cy, for instance — in writing the history of the order, have represented Guignard as a martyr. See Sully, Giconomies ?-nyales ; L'Etoile, Journal de Jlenii III ; De Thou, Hid. lib. cxi ; Sismondi, Hist, des Franf^ais (see Index) ; Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Gmerale, xxii, 5GG. (J. N. P.)
Guignes, Ciiketien Louis Joseph de, a French Orientalist, was born at Paris Aug. 25, 1759, and died in the same city JIarch 9, 1845. He w\as instructed by liis father, Joseph de Guignes, in the Oriental lan- guages, making Chinese a special study. In 1784 he was appointed French resident in China and consul at Canton, and before his dejiarture thither was also ap- pointed correspondent to the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Inscriptions and'Belles-Lettres. Af- ter spending 17 years in China he returned to France, Laving meanwhile communicated to the academies sev-
eral interesting and useful papers, which were publish- ed in their Menwires. In 1808 there issued from the imperial press his Voyages li Peking, Manille, et Vile de, France, fails dans Vintervalle des Arml-es 1784 « 1801 (3 vols. 4to, with fol. atlas of maps and plates). Among the grand literary jn-ojects of the reign of Louis XIV was the publication of a dictionary of the Chinese lan- guage, but the project has not been realized, and was apparently abandoned. The imperial government of Napoleon I determined to revive and complete the en- terprise, and De Guignes, by a decree dated Oct. 22, 1808, was selected to compile such a work. In 1813 it appeared from the imperial press, bearing the title of Dictionnaire Chinois-Fran^ais et Latin, public d'apres I'ordre de S. 31. Vempereur et roi Napoleon le Grand, etc. (Paris, fol.). Tliis Avork proved to be, in the main, only an adaptation of the Ilan-tze-si-yih (i. e. Occiden- tal interpretation of Chinese characters), a Chinese- Latin vocabulary by a Franciscan missionar}- to Chi- na, Basil de Glemona, whose modest but valualile la- bors De Guignes had appropriated without acknowl- edgment. The plagiarism was discovered, and severe- ly but justly censured by the critics of the time, and the effect was undoubtedly to diminish the apprecia- tion of any additions or improvements made by De Guignes. — Woekr, Nourelle Biog. Gemrale, xxii, 569; New A merican CycloprHliu, viii, 555. (J. W. M.) Guilbert. See Guibert and Gilbert. Guilbertines. See Gilbertines. Guild, "William, a divine of the Church of Scot- land, was born at Aberdeen in 1586, and educated at Marischal College, then recentl}* founded, with a view to holy orders. Before he entered the ministry', how- ever, he published a treatise entitled The New Sacrifice of Christian Incense; and The only Way to Salvation. He was very soon after called to the pastoral charge of the parish of king Edward, in the presbytery of Tur- riff and synod of Aberdeen. In 1G17, when James I visited Scotland with a view to establish episcopacy, and brought bishop Andrewes, of Ely, with him, to as- sist in the management of that affair, the latter paid great regard to Guild ; and the following year, when Andrewes was promoted to the see of Winchester, Guild dedicated to him his Moses Unveiled, pointing out those figures in the Old Testament which allude to the Messiah (new ed. Edinb. 1839, royal 8vo). He wrote several works against Popery ; an Exjwsition of Solomon's Song (Lond. 1G58, 8vo) : — an ETplunation of the Apocalypse (Aberdeen, 1656) : — Exposition of Second i'«»)i?/e/ (Oxford, 1659, 4to). He was a man of great learning. In 1640 he was made principal of King's College, Aberdeen, but, taking part with the monarchy, was deposed by the Parliamentary commissioners in 1651, and died in 1657. See Shirreffs, Life of Guild (Aberdeen, 1799, 2d edit. 8vo) ; Allibone, Diet, of Au- thors, i, 748 ; Darling, Cyclop. Bibliographica, i, 1352.
Guilds. In the Middle Ages, religious clubs or mutual benefit societies, embracing men and women, were established in nearly every parish church. They kept yearly feasts, supported annals for the repose of deceased members, sometimes also hospitals for the relief of decayed members, and alwaj-s collected alms for their sick and poor. On certain anniversaries they met at a common altar, wearing liverj^ gowns and hoods, usuallj' of two colors, and the badge of their patron saint. In the monasteries, kings, nobles, and benefactors were admitted as lay members, and in the parish societies as honorary members. "The mem- bers promised fidelity to the guild rules and obedience to the superiors." Of late, the Ritualists in the An- glican Church are endeavoring to revive the guilds, and quite a number had been re-estaljlished up to the year 1869. A list of them is given in the Church 'Union Almanac for 1869 (Lond. 1869).— AValcott, Sa- cred Archmology, s. v. (J. W. M.) Guillain. See Ghislain.