Lit. ii, 647 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. c. xii, pt. ii, ch. ii, n. 71 ; Hist, litter, de la France, vii, 80, 92, 118, 124, 146 ; ix, 4o3. (J. W. M.)
Guibert, Anti-pope, was born at Parma in the 11th century. His family name was Correggia, and he was said to be descended from the counts of Augsburg. ?.Iade archbishop of Ravenna through the influence of tlie emperor llenr}^ IV, he was elected pope bj^ a coun- cil held at Brescia (hostile to Gregory VII) in 1080, and took the name of Clement III. His first act of authority was to exconmiunicate Gregory VII, who, in turn, put him under the ban, and never consented to grant him absolution. Guibert took Kome by force, but in 1089 was compelled to leave the city. He died at Ravenna in 1100. His election gave rise to the sect of the Henricians, who claimed that the emperor alone possessed the right of appointing popes. The sect was condemned by several councils, and finalh' disappear- ed towards the end of the 12th centurj-. — See Artaud, Hist, des souvei-ains Ponfifes, vol. ii; Art de Verifier les Dates ; Hoefer, Noiiv. Biog. Gener. xxii, 514 ; Herzog, lieal-Encyklop. v, 408 sq.
Guibert of Ravenna. See Guibert (Anti- pope).
Guide (the rendering; more or less proper, of vari- ous Heb. words ; Gr. uc)]y6(J). Such was Hobab in- vited bj' Moses to become to the Israelites in the wil- derness (Numb. X, 31, "that thou mayest be to us in- stead of e^es"). See ExoDE.
Guido de Arezzo, or Gui, a Benedictine monk of the abbey of Pomposa, noted in the historj' of mu- sic. He was born at Arezzo about 990, and early dis- tinguished himself by his talent for music, which he taught in his convent. Numerous inventions (e. g. counter-point) have been attributed to Guido without good ground ; but he did render great service to music by his ingenious simplification of the existing methods of notation. He wrote Micrologus de Dtsciplina Ariis M'usicce, "or Brief Discourses on Music, in which most" of his inventions arc described, as well as his method of instruction." His doctrine of solmisation is, how- ever, not found in that work, but set forth in a small tract under the title ot Argumentum non Cantus inveni- endi. He died about the middle of the 11th century, but the exact date of his death is unknown. See Burney, History of Music ; Gerbert, Scriptores Eccl. de Musica Sacra ; Hoefer, Nouvelle Biog. Generale, xxii, 551 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. v, 411.
Guido de Bres, an evangelist and martyr of the Walloon Church, was born at ISIons in 1540. He wp.s brought up in the Church of Rome, but bj' searching the Scriptures arrived at the knowledge of evangelical truth, and was compelled by persecution to escape to London, where he joined the Walloon Church organ- ized under Edward VI, and prepared himself for the ministr}'. He afterwards returned to his native coun- try as evangelist and travelling preacher, in which ca- pacity he showed great zeal, first at Lille, where there was a large secret Protestant communitj^ which was dispersed by force in 1566. Guido then retired to Ghent, where he published a polemic tract out of the fathers entitled Lc baton de lafoi. He then went to prosecute his studies at Geneva, where he became a determined adherent of Calvin. Returning to his country, he resumed his evangelical laliors, reorgan- ized the three principal communities of Lille, Tournay, and Valenciennes, and made the whole of southern Bel- gium and northern France, from Dieppe to Sedan and from Valenciennes to Antwerp, the field of his indefati- gable activit}'. Valenciennes, which had become al- most entirely Protestant, was stormed by Noircarmes in 1567. Guido was caught while attempting to escape, and was thrown into prison. After seven weeks of im- prisonment he was hanged, with the young La Grange, on the last day of May, 1567. Guido, though in the prime of life, leaving behind him a wife and several
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voiing children, met death not only calmly, but cheer- t'ullv. While in prison he had written letters of con- solation both to his mother, to whom ho was much at- tached, and to his congregation ; tlie latter epistle, con- taining a thorough refutation of the Roman Catholic doctrine of trausubstantiation, is to be found in the Ilistoire lies Martyrs (Geneva, 3G17), together with a life of Guide and La Grange (p. 731-750).
Guido's prediction that the seeds of Protestantism he had so carefully sowed would grow with greater strength after being watered witli his blood, has been fulfilled. To him tlie Dutch Church owes the fact that, instead of becoming a mere branch of the French (Calvinistic) or the German Reformed Church, it has remained between the two, a shield and a blessing for both. Guido drew up in 1559 a confession of faith, after the model of the French Confession drawn up in 1559 at Paris. This confession he submitted to Cal- vin, bv whose advice he changed it in some particu- lars, and, after obtaining tiie assent of the principal Reformed churches in the Netherlands, he published it in 15G2 as the Confession of Faith of (he Reformed Chm-chin the Netherlands, sending a copy of it, with an appropriate and remarkable introduction, to king Phil- ip II. The theologians of Geneva believed that the Netherland churches might adopt the F'rench Confes- sion as it stood; but Guido probably foresaw that the adoption of a confession exclusively their own, in French and Low-Dutch, was the only means to form a united church in that country, inhabited by people of two nations and speaking two languages. See Le Long, Kort historisck Verhaal van den oorsprong der iie- derlandschen (jereformeerden kerken ondert Kniys, etc. (Amsterd. 1741, 4to) ; G. Brandt, Ilistorie der reformatie in en ontrent de. Nederlanden (Amsterd. 1671) ; Ypey en Dermout, Geschiedenis der A'ederlandsche Ilerrormde Kerk (Breda, 1818 sq.) ; and especially Van der Kemp, de Eere der nederlandsche kervormde Kerk (Rotterdam, 1830).— Herzog, Rml-Encyklop. v, 412 ; ISIotley, Pdse of tlm Dutch Repuhlic, vol. 1 ; Christian Intelligencer, March 14, 1861.