5. Adad, a king of Syria, who reigned in Damascus at t je time that David attacked and defeated Hadad- ezcr, king of Zobah, whom he marched to assist, and in whose defeat he shared. B.C. cir. 1049. This fact is re- corded in 2 Sam. viii, 5, but the name of the king is not given. It is supplied, however, by Josephus (.1 nt. vii, 5, 2), who reports, after Nicolas of Damascus, that he carried succors to Iladadezer as far as the Euphrates, where David defeated them both ; and adds other par- ticulars respecting his fame. — Kitto.
6. Hadad, a young prince of the royal race of Edom, who, when his country was conquered by David, con- trived, in the heat of the massacre committed by Joab, to escape with some of his father's servants, or, rather, was carried off by them into the land of Midian. B.C. cir. 1040. Thence Hadad went into the desert of Pa- ran (''Midian," ver. 18), and eventually proceeded to Egjqit (1 Kings xi, 14 sq. ; in ver. 17 the name is given in the mutilated form TlX). He was there most favor- ably received by the king, who assigned him an estate and establishment suited to his rank, and even gave him in marriage the sister of his own consort, by whom he had a son, who was brought up in the palace with the sons of Pharaoh. Hadad remained in Egypt till after the death of David and Joab, when, although dis- suaded by Pharaoh, he returned to his own country in the hope of recovering his father's throne (1 Kings xi, 21, 22). B.C. cir. 1012. The Scriptiure does not record the result of this attempt further than by mentioning him as one of the troublers of Solomon's reign, which impUes some measure of success (see Kitto's iJai/i/ Bible Illust. ad loc). After relating these facts the text goes on to mention another enemy of Solomon, named Rezin, and then adds (ver. 25) that this was " besides the mis- chief that Hadad did; and he abhorred Israel, and reigned over Syria." Our version seems to make this apply to Rezin ; but the Sept. refers it to Hadad, read- ing mix, Edom, instead of D'HX, Aram or Syria, and the sense woidd certainly be improved by this reading, inasmuch as it supplies an apparent omission ; for with- out it we only know that Hadad left Egypt for Edom, and not how he succeeded there, or how he was able to trouble Solomon. The history of Hadad is certainly very obscure. Adopting the Sept. reading, some con- clude that Pharaoh used his interest with Solomon to allow Hadad to reign as a tributary prince, and that he
IIx\DAD-EZER
ultimately asserted his independence. Josephus, how- ever, seems to have read the Hebrew as our version does, "Syria," not "Edom." He says {Ant. viii, 7, O) that Hadad, on his arrival in Edom, found the ter- ritory too strongly garrisoned by Solomon's troops to afford any hope of success. He therefore proceeded with a party of adherents to Syria, where he was well received by Rezin, then at the head of a band of rob- bers, and Avith his assistance scizetl upon a part of Syria and reigned there. If this be correct, it mast have been a different part of Syria from that in which Rezin himself reigned, for it is certain, from ver. 24, that he (Rezin) did reign in Damascus. Carrie res su])- poses that Hadad reigned in Syria after the death of Rezin; and it might reconcile apparent discrepancies to suppose that two kingdoms were established (there were more previously), both of which, after the deatli of Rezin, were consolidated under Hadad. That Hadad was really king of Syria seems to be rather corroborated by the fact that every subsequent king of Syria is, in the Scripture, called I5cn-Hadad, " son of Hadad," ami in Josephus simi>ly Hadad, which seems to denote that the founder of the dyna-sty was called bj' tliis name. We may observe that, whether we read Aram or Edom, it must be understood as applying to Hadad, not to Re- zin {Pictorial Bible, on 2 Kings xi, 14). — Kitto. The identity of name suggests a common origin between the Edomitish and Syrian dynasties. Josephus, in the outset of his account, appears to call this Hadad by the name of A der. In any case, however, the preceding must be regarded as distinct persons from each other (see Ilengstcnberg, Pentateuch, ii, 288), the last prob- ably being the son, or, rather, grandson of No. 5. See Syria.
Hadad-e'zer (Hel<. id., '^.ti;'7'll-I, Adad is his help [see Hadad, No. 1] ; Sept. kSoai^iQ in 2 Sam. viii, but 'ASapi^tQ v.r.'AdaSiKtp i" i Kings xi,23; Yulg. A dar- ezer in both passages), less correctly Hadare'zeu (Heb. id., 1.1?'7'iri [see under Hadad; yet some MSS. have Iladadezer throughout], 2 Sam. x, 16, 10, 1 Chron. xviii,3-10; xix, 16,19; Sept. 'At()a^op v. r. A^pao^ap, Vulg. still Adarezei-), king of the Aramitish state Zobah, a powerful opponent of David. He was defeated by the Israelites in his first campaign, while on his way to "es- tablish his dominion" (B.C. cir. 1035) in the neighbor- hood of the Euphrates, with a great loss of men, war- chariots, and horses, and was desiioiled of many of his towns (2 Sam. viii, 3 ; 1 Chron. xviii, 3), and driven with the remnant of his force to the other side of the river (xix, 16). The golden weapons ("jbu, A.V. "shields of gold") cajitured on this occasion, a thousand in num- ber, were taken by David to Jerusalem (xviii, 7), and dedicated to Jeliovah. The foreign arras were iireseryed in the Temple, and were long knowm as king David's (1 Chron. xxiii, 9 ; Cant, iv, 4). A diversion highly serviceable to him was made by a king of Damascene^ Syria [see Had.ui, 5], who compelled David to turn his arms against him (2 Sam. x, 6-14; 1 Cliron. xi:?, 6-14). The breathing-time thus afforded Iladadezer was turned bv him to such good account that he was able to accept the subsidies of Hanun, king of the Am- monites, and to take a leading part in the confederacy formed by that monarch against David. B.C. cir. 1034. The first army brought into the field was beaten and put to flight by Abishai and Joab; but Hadadezcr, not yet discouraged, went into the countries east of the Eu- phrates, and got together the forces of all his allies and tributaries, which he placed under the command of Sho- bach, his general. The army was a large one, as is evi- dent from the numbers of the slain ; and it was espe- ciaUy strong in horse-soldiers (1 Chron. xix, 18). They crossed the Euphrates, joined the other Sj-rians, and en- camped at a place called Helam (q. ^■.). To confront so formidable an array, David took the field in person, and in one great victory so comi)letely broke the power of