HAHIROTII
21
IIAIIK
maintains that the book of D.anicl was placed in the Hagiotiraplia in consetiueuce of the lower ilcgrcc of in- spiration attached to it; but herein he is opposed by Hiivernick {llamlhiich, p. 02), De Wette (§ 13) sup- poses that the first two divisions (the L<tw and the Prophets) were closed a little after the time of Nehemi- ah (compare 2 Mace, ii, 13, 14), and that perhaps at the end of the Persian period the Jews commenced the formation of the Ilayiographa, which long remained "changeable and open." The collection of the Psalms was not yet completed when the t^vo first parts were formed. See KKTuuBur.
It has been concluded from Matt, xxiii, 35, and Luke xi, 51, compared with Luke xxiv, 14, that as the Psalms were the first, so were Chronicles the last book in the Hagiographa (Cariizov, Introd. iv, 25). If, when Jesus spoke of the righteous blood shed from the blood of Abel (Gen. iv, 8) to that of Zechariah, he referred, as most commentators suppose, to Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada (2 Chron. xxiv, 20, 21), there appears a pecul- iar ap])Ositeness in the appeal to the first and the last books in the canon. The book of Chronicles still holds the last place in the Hebrew Bibles, ^vhich are aU ar- ranged according to the threefold division. The late date of Chronicles may in some measure account for its separation from the book of Kings; and this ground holds good whether we fix the era of the chronicler, with Zunz, at about B.C. 260, or, with IMovers, we con- ceive him to have been a younger contemporary of Ne- hemiah, and to have written about B.C. 400 {Kritische Untersiicktinrj i'ther de Bihlische Chi-onik, Bonn, 1834). The circumstance of the existence of a few acknowl- edged later additions, such as 1 Chron. iii, 19-24, does not militate against this hj'pothesis, as these may have been supplied by the last editor. See Ciihonicles, Books of. De Wette conceives that the genealogy in this passage comes down only to the third generation after Nehemiah. See Canon of Scripture.
The word Ilugiographa is once used by Jerome in a peculiar sense. Speaking of Tobit, he asserts that the Jews, cutting off this book from the catalogue of the di- vine Scriptures, place it among those books which they call Hdyiofjrapha. Again, of Judith he says, " By the Jews it is read among the Hagiographa, whose author- ity is not sufficient to confirm debated points;" but, as in the latter instance, the greater number of INISS. read Apocrypha, which is doubtless .the true reading, it is highly probable that the word Hagiographa, used in reference to the book of Tobit, has arisen from the mis- take of a transcriber. The two words were in the INIid- dle Ages frequently used as synonymous. See Deute- RO-CANONiCAL. " Hagiographa" has also been used by Christian writers as synonymous with Holy Scripture.
The Alexandrian translators have not been guided by the threefold division in their arrangement of the books of Scripture. The different IMSS. of the Sept. also vary in this respect. In the Vatican Codex (which the printed editions chiefly follow) Tobit and Judith are placed between Nehemiah and Esther. Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus follow Canticles. Baruch and Lamenta- tions follow Jeremiah, and the Old Testament concludes with the four books of Maccabees. Luther (who intro- duced into the Bible a peculiar arrangement, which in the Old Testament has been followed in the English Authorized Version) was the first who separated the ca- nonical from the other books, Not only do the Alex- andrian translators, the fathers, and Luther differ from the Jews in the order of succession of the sacred books, but among the Jews themselves the Talmudists and IMasorites, and the German and Spanish ]MSS. foUow each a different arrangement.— Kitto, s. v. See Bible.
Hagiolatry. See Saints, Worship of.
Hahiroth. See Pi-ha-iiiroth.
Hahn, August, a distinguished German Protestant theologian. C)rientalist, and opponent of rationalism, was bom at Grossosterhausen, near Querfiurt, in JVussian
Saxony, IMarch 27, 1702. His father died before he was nine years old, but his pastor, Stiissen, generously instructed the orphan with his own son, and secured his admission to the gymnasium at Eislcbcn. In ixio Hahn entered the University of Lcipsic. wlurc, he tills us (Preface to Lehrhnch dvs clirisilirln u <,l,iiih(iit:, 2 1 ed.), he lost his early faith and peace, the IVuits of a ]ii- ous mother's teachings, and became imbued with the prevailing rationalism. After a three-years' course, in which, besides adding to his stock of classic and the il- logical learning, he had studied Oriental languages and literature, especially Syriac and Arabic, he engaged in teaching. In 1817 he entered the newly-established theological school at Wittenberg, where, under hapjiier religious influences and inspirations, he regained his lost faith and peace, and was henceforth active in seek- ing to impart them to other minds and hearts. In 181 0 he was appointed professor extraordinarj', and in 1821 ordinary professor of theology hi the University of Kcinigsberg, and during his occupancy of tliat post \\v.\,- lished Bardesams, Gnosticus, Syrorum jwimus hymnolo- gus (Leipsic, 1819), a work which earned for him the doctorate of theology. This was followed by several other publications in patristic literature, viz. De ynosi Mardonis (1820) -.—Antitheses Murcionv<, etc. (1823) :— Das Evangelimn Marciong, etc. (1823) : — De Caiione Mardonis (1824) : — Chrestomathia Syriaca, .«. >S'. Kphro- mi, etc. (in conjunction with Seiffert) (1825) ; besides treatises in several periodicals. Being called in 1820 to the professorship of theology in the University of Leip- sic, Hahn was thrown into the midst of theological con- troversy, and gave expression to his antagonism to the Rationalists in his treatise De Rationalismi, qui diritur. Vera Indole et qua cum Natiiralismo contineaiur ruiione (Leipsic, 1827), in which he asserts the necessity of supranatural revelation, and the inability of man by nature to attain "certain and complete knowledge of religious truths," and aims to show historically that rationalism had always been regarded by the Church as hostile to Christianity, and that it was the offspring of naturalism and deism. He developed this antagonism stiU further in his Offcne ErUdrung an die evangelische Kirche zunachst in Sachsen und Preusscn (1827), where- in he maintains that Rationalists cannot be considered as Christian teachers, and ought in conscience to with- draw from the evangelical Church. His efforts in favor of evangelical orthodoxv were continued in his Zf//;- hiKli r/'.s- rhrisll-ichi, Child,, n.-^ (1S-2S; 2d ed. ]s.">7), and ,S,i„l,,-hi;-di,i, ,11, l:,;ls,-l,,i.i,l,r i,l„ r ,li, /.»//' 'I, .< ll,,k- t,iit/iini)s ill iih.<n-,r/.,il iiiid ,l,is ]', ,/,u/liii.<s chi-i.lli,-h,'r Theologie ziir \\-i.^.-<.ii.<,-h,ifl iil„rh,ni],t (1832). The last work especially led to bis call to I'.reslau in 1833 as pro- fessor, and his appointment as consistorial counsellor, a position of great importance in the direction of eeelesi- astical affairs. In 1844 he was made general superin- tendent for Silesia, which post he fiUcd until his death. May 13, 1863, and in which he was able to exert con- siderable influence in behalf of the evangelical party among the clergy. The most important of his writings not already mciitioncd arc. ird,ii,ilh<k dtr Symhok nrnl Gkmhensreqdn dcr (,j,„sf„l.-cal/ii,!is,-h(n Kirrhe (1842): —Theolo'riKch-lirrhlhlK- Aimahii (Brcslau, 1842-44):— Das Behiiiiliii.<^ >l<r ,r,iii;i<li.<rhen Kirche vnd die ordi- nutorisch,' V, ,-pjr„-htiii,;i ihnr Diemr {\U1):—Das Bi- kennt?iigs dtr ininiii lisi-li, n Kirche in seiiiem Verhiiltiiisie zu dem der rOmi.^cii, ii mid ;/rl, ,hischen (1853) ■.—Predinten und Reden vutir dm Ii, ir, 'jiuigpn in Kirche und t^tatit seit dem J. ls;io (is:,-.'). See obituary notice of Halm in the Alh/nmiiK Klrchen-Zeitung for 1863, No. 75-77, and an autoMourapliRal sketch of his life up to 1830 in Dietzsch's Jfomikt. Journal, 1830, vol. ii, pt. i; Herzog, Beal-EnqiUop. xix, 593 sq. ; Hoefer, Kour. Biog. Gene- rule, xxiii, 164 ; Nexo Amer. Cyclop, viii, 634. (J. W. M.) Hahn, Heinrich August, eldest son of August Hahn. was burn at K.inlgslierg June 19, 1821, and died Dec. 1, 18(;i, at (ireilswald. After having studied at Breslau and Berlin, he devoted himself to Old-Testa-