5. LiteratU7-e.—M!iimori\AQS,Jod Ha-Chezalca Bikhoth Tepktllcii Bartolocci, Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, ii, 593 sq. ; Zunz, Die Gottesdienstlichen Vortrdge der Ju- rfe?ijCap.i, ¥xsMk^\,Vorstudien zu der Septuaginta (Leip- zig, 1841), p. 48 sq. ; Rapaport, Erech Millin, p. 66 sq. ; Munatschrijl fiir Geschichte vnd Wissenschaft des Juden- thums, i, 352 ; xi, 222 ; Herzfeld, Geschichte des VoUces Is- rael, ii, 209; Ber Israelitische Volkslehrer, ii, 205; Ben Chuiuinja, v, 125. — Kitto, s. v.
Ha'ra (Ileb. Ilara', K"!!!), a province of AssjTia. We read that Tiglath-pilneser "brought the Peuben- ites, Gadites, and the half tribe of INIanasseh unto Ha- lah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan" (1 Chron. v, 20). The parallel passage in 2 Kings xviii, 11, omits Hara, and adds "in the cities of the Medes." Bochart consequently supposes that Hara was either a part of JMedia, or anotlier name for that country. He shows that Herodotus (vii, 62) and other ancient writers call the Medes Avians, and their country A7-ia. He further supposes that the name Hara, which signifies mountainous, may have been given to that northern sec- tion of Media subsequently called by the Arabs El-gebal (" the mountains ," see Bochart, 0]>p. i, 194). The words A ria. and Hara, however, are totally different both in meaning and origin. The Medes were a branch of the great .\rian family who came originally from India, and who took their name, according to Muller (Science of Lamfiiage, p. 237 sq., 2d ed.) , from the Sanscrit word A i-ya, which means noble, " of a good family." Its etymolog- ical meaning seems to be " one who tills the ground ;" and it is thus allied to the Latin arare (see also Raw- linson's Herodotus, i, 401).
Hara is joined with Hala, Habor, and the river Go- zan. These were all situated in Western Assj-ria, be- tween the Tigris and Euphrates, and along the banks of the Khabur. We may safely conclude, therefore, that Hara coidd not have been far distant from that re- gion. It is somewhat remarkable that the name is not given in either the Sept. or Peshito version. Some have hence imagined that the word was interpolated after these versions were made. This, however, is a rash criticism, as it exists in all Hebrew MSS., and also in Jerome's version (see Robinson's Ccdmef, s. v. Gozan ; Grant's Nestorian Christians, p. 120). The conjecture that Hara and Haran are identical cannot be sustained, though the situation of the latter might suit the re- quirements of the Biblical narrative, and its Greek clas- sical name Carrhte resembles Hara. See Haran. The Hebrew words Xin and 'pn are radically different, Hara may perhaps have been a local name applied to
the mountainous region north of Gozan, called bj^ Stra- bo and Ptolemy J/o/« Masius, and now Karja Baghlar (Strabo, xvi, 23 , Ptolemy, v, 18, 2).— Kitto, s. v.
Har'adah (Heb. with the article ha-Charadah', ^I'^V'^n, the fright: Sept. XaQaSu^), the twenty-fifth station of the Israelites m the desert (Numb, xxxiii, 24) ; perhaps at the head of the wadys north-east of Jc- bel Araif en-Nakah, on the western brow of the high plateau east of Ain el-Mazen. See Exode.
Haram. See House.
Ha'ran appears in the Eng. Bil)le as the name of a place and also of three men, which, however, are repre- sented by two essentially different Hebrew words. See also Betii-Hauak.
1. Haran (Heb. Haran', 'j'nrt, mountaineer; Sept. Appav), probably the eldest son of Terah, brother of Abraham and Nahor, and father of Lot, IMilcah, and Is- cah. He died in his native place before his father Te- rah (an event that may in some degree have prepared the lamily to leave Ur), which, from the manner in which it is mentioned, ajujcars to have been a much rarer case in those days than at the present (Gen. xi, 27 sq.). B.C. 2223-ante 2088.— Kitto. His septdchre was still shown there when Josephus MTote his historj' {Ant. i, 0, 5). The ancient Jewish tradition is that Ha- ran was burnt in the furnace of Nimrod for his wavering conduct during the fiery trial of Abraham. (See the Targum Ps.-Jonathan ; Jerome's Qucest. in Genesim, and the notes thereto in the edit, of Migne.) This tradition seems to have originated in a translation of the word Ur, which in Hebrew signifies "fire." — Smith. See Abraham.
2. Charan (Heb. Charan', '"iri, probably from the Arabic, parched; Sept. Xappav, also Josephus, Ant. i, 16 , N. T., Acts vii, 2, where it is Anglicized " Charran"), the name of the place where Abraham, after lie had been called from Ur of the 'Chaldees, tarried till his father Terah died, when he proceeded to the land of Canaan (Gen. xi, 31, 38 ; Acts vii, 4). The elder branch of the familj- still remained at Haran, which led to the inter- esting journeys thither described in the patriarchal his- tory (see Hauck, I)e jirofectionibus A brahumi e Charris [Lips. 1754, 1776]) — first, that of Abraham's servant to obtain a wife for Isaac (Gen. xxiv) ; and, next, that of Jacob when he fled to evade the wrath of Esau (Gen. xxviii, 101. It is said to be in Mesopotamia (Gen. xxiv, 10), or, more definitely, in Padan-Aram xxv, 20), which is the "cultivated district at the foot of the hills" (Stan- ley, Syr. and Pal. p. 129, note), a name well applying to the l^eautifid stretch of country Avhich lies below Mount IMasius, between the Khabur and the Euphrates. See Padan-Arasi. Haran is enumerated among the towns which had been taken by the predecessors of Sennach- erib, king of AssjTia (1 Kings xix, 12; Isa. xxxvii, 12), and it is also mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii, 23) among the places which traded with Tjtc. It is alluded to in the cuneiform inscriptions (q. v.). Jerome thus de- scribes Haran : " Charran, a cit)' of IVIesopotamia be- yond Edessa, which to this day is called Charra, where the Roman army was cut off, and Crassiis, its leader, taken" (Onomasf. s. v. Charran). Guided by these de- scriptions and statements, which certainly appear sufh- ciently clear anil full, sacred geographers have almost universally identified Haran with the Cai-rw (Kappai) of classical A\Titers (Herodian. iv, 13, 7 ; Ptol. v, 18, 12 ; Strabo, xvi, 747), and the Harrun of the Arabs (Schul- tens, Index Geogr. in Vitam Salndini, s. v.). The plaui bordering on this town (Ammian. INIarc. xxiii, 3) is cel- ebrated in history as the scene of a battle in which the Roman army was defeated by the Parthians, and the triumvir Crassus killed (Plin. v, 21; Dio Cass, xl, 25; Lucan. i, 104). Abulfeda {Tab. Syrite, p. 164) speaks of Haran as fonneriy a great city, which lay in an arid and barren tract of countr>' in the province of Diar