HARDY 72
lished the foUowing, which are likely to hold a durable place in theological Uterature, viz., .4 History of the Thir- t,j-m„e A rtides (Cambridge, 1851 ; 2d ed. revised, 1859 ; reprinted in I'liUadelphia, 12mo) -.—Twenty Sermons for Tuu-ii Comjrerjiilions (1853, cr. 8vo) :— 1 History of the Christum Church, Middle Aye (Cambridge, 1853, fcp. 8vo) :— -1 Hustory of the Chiistian Church during the B formation (Cambridge, 185G, {c\).Svo).— Sketch prefix- ed to second edition of Christ and other Masters (1863).
Hardy, Nathaniel, V.IK an English cUvine, was btmi in London in 1G18; was educated at Magdalen HaU, Oxford, and became rector of St. Dionis Back, London. He was a decided Royalist, and yet remained a popular preacher during the Commonwealth. In 1660 he be- came archdeacon of Lewes and dean of Rochester. He fUed iu 1670. His publications are. The first Ejmtle of John unfolded and applied (Loud. 1656, 4to) ■.—Sermons on solemn Occasions (London, 1658, 4to) :— Sermon on the Fire of London (Lond. 1666, 4to).— DarUng, Cyclop). Bib- Uoyraphica, i, 1394.
Hardy, Robert Spence, an English-Methodist missionary, was born at I'reston, Lancashire, July 1, 1803, and was trained in the house of his grandfather, a print- er and bookseller in York. In 1825 lie was admitted to the British Conference, and appointed missionary to Cey- lon, in which lield he labored with great zeal for twen- ty-three years. In 1862 he was appointed superintend- ent of the South Ceylon INIission. To the ordinary la- bors of a missionary Mr. Hardy added an amount of lit- erary activity sufficient to have occupied the whole life of an ordinarj' man. It is not too much to say that he and liis colleague Gogerly (q. v.) have thrown more liglit upon the Buddhism of Ceylon, and upon Pali lit- erature, tlian all other English writers. His culture, in the course of his studies, became very wide; he read Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Portuguese, and Sin- ghalese ; and his acquaintance with the l*ali and Sans- crit was not only large, but accurate. Towards the end of liis life lie returned to England, and served as minis- ter on several important circuits. He died at Heading- ley, Yorkshire, April 16, 1868. At the time of his mor- tal seizure lie was engaged upon a work entitled Ch)-is- iiiinily and Buddhism compared. His most important fiuliliiritions are Eastern Mn)„i<-/,!.^i,/. mi Account of the Oriiiiii. Laws, Discipline, Sdci III \V der if Mendicants fitinidiil hi/ (;,,t,i 1850", 8vo) -.—A Miinnnl i/nuililh velopment, translaliil j'/um Siinihnli 8vo) -.—The Legends and Theories
pared with History and Science (1867, cr. 8vo) Wesley-
an Minutes, 1868, p. 25.
Hardy, Samuel, an English divine, was bom in 172(t. and eihicated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he became fellow. He was for many years rec- tor of Blakeidiam, Suffolk, and died in 1793. ' He pub- lished Xalure ami Ends of the Eucharist (London, 1784. 8vo) :— Principal l'rop}„ci,s of the O. and N. Test, com- pared and explained {Ijmhm, 1770, 8vo) i—Norum Test. Grtrrnm cum schidiis lhi'ol„>/iris, etc. (3d ed. Lond. 1820, 2 vols. Hvo), the aiuiotations in which are chielly taken' frorij l-nole's Synopsis.— Darling, Cyclop. Biblioyraphica .
Hare (HaS'lX, arne'helh; according to Bochart [llitroz. i, 5)94 j," from rr^N, to crop, and 'Z!^':, fruit ; Arab, arneb and Syr. ariuho, a hare; Sept. xo'^'oyp^- Xioc and Saavirovi:, Vulg. l,pus and charofp-yllus, both versions interchanging it with "coney") occurs in Lev. xi, 6, and Deut. xiv, 7, and in both iiistances it is. pro- Inl.iied from being used as food because it chews the cud, altiuHigh it has not the hoof divided. But the lian' belongs to an order of mammals totally distinct from the ruminantia, wliicli are all, without exceiition, bisulea. tlu' camel's hoof alone oflrering a jiartial modifi- cation (Ehrenberg, Mammalia, pt. ii). The stomach of rodents is single, aiul the motion of the mouth, except- ing when they masticate some email portion of food re-
lliiif/s. etc. of the Or- al Hwlilhn (London, <n, h, its Mndern I)e- ■ .l/.v.v. (i..md. 1853, / Ihe liadilirists com-
HARE
ser^^ed in the hollow of the cheek, is more that of the lips, when in a state of repose the animals are engaged in working the incisor teeth upon each other. This practice is a necessary condition of existence, for the friction keeps them fit for the purpose of nibbling, and prevents their growing beyond a proper length. As hares do not subsist on hard substances, like most of the genera of the order, but on tender shoots and grasses, they have more cause, and therefore a more constant craving, to abrade their teeth; and this they do in a manner which, combined with the slight trituration of the occasional contents of the cheeks, even modern writ- ers, not zoologists, have mistaken for real rimiination.
Hare of Mount Sinai.
Physiological investigation having fidly determinca these questions, it follows that, both with regard to the shaphan ("coney") and the hare, we shoidd under- stand the original in the above passages, rendered " chewing the cud," as merely implying a second mas- tication, more or less complete, and not necessarily that faculty of true ruminants which derives its name from a power to draw up aliment after deglutition, when worked into a ball, from the first stomach into the mouth, and there to submit it to a second grinding pro- cess. The act of "chewing tlie cud" and "re-chewing" being considered identical by the Hebrews, the sacred lawgiver, not being occupied' with the doctrines of sci- ence, no doubt used the expression in the sense in which it was then understood (compare Michaelis, Anmerk. ad loc). It may be added that a similar opinion, and con-