Harding, Stephen, a religious reformer of the 12tli century, was of a noble English family. After making a pilgrimage to Rome, he entered the Benedic- tine convent of St. Claude de Joux. He subsequenth' was chosen abbot of the monastery of Bozc, -ivith a view to the reformation of its discipline. From Beze he was transferred to Citeaux. of which monaster}- he was elect- ed abbot in 1109, on the death of .Vlberic. In 1119 he drew up, conjointly with St. Bernard (of Clairvanx) and other members of the brotherhood, the constitution of t'ne Cistercian order, entitled Carta Curitatis. He re- mained at the head of the order until his death in 1134. See Cistercians. (A. .J. S.)
Harding, Thomas, Jesuit, was bom at Comb-]Mar- tin, in Devonshire, in 1512, '-and was educated at Barn- staple and Winchester, whence he was removed to New College, Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1536. In 1542 he was chosen Hebrew professor of the university by Henry YIII ; but no sooner hail Edward \l ascend- ed the throne, than Harding became a zealous Protes- tant. He seemed, indeed, merely to be restrained bj^ prudence from ])roceeding to great extremes. In the country zealous Protestants were edified by his instruc- tions. At Oxford, he himself received instniction from Peter IMartyr. From St. JMary's pulpit he derided the Tridentine fathers as illiterate, paltn/ jxijiisls, and in- A-eighed against Romish peculiarities." On the acces- sion of queen Mary he became again a papist, and was j made chaplain and confessor to Gardiner, bishop of j Winchester. In 1555 he was made treasurer of the ca- I
thedral of Salisbury. "Wlien Elizabeth came to the crown he coukl not muster face for a new recantation, and being deprived of his ]ireferment, fled to Louvain, and became, says AA'ootl, '• the target of IVi|)ery" in a warm controversy with bisho]> Jewel, against whom, be- tween 1554 and 15(;7, he wrote seven pieces." He died in 1572. See Life o/,hvel; Zurich Letters; Binnet, Reformation, i, 271; \\ooi\, Athant O.nmlni.ies, vol. i; l)odd, C/iurch Jlist.; Prince, Wortlii.s ,f li<r<in; Chal- mers, General Bioij. Diet. ; Hook, Lct:ks. Lluij. vol. v,
Hardouin (Harduinus), Jean, a Jesuit, one of the most learned, but most eccentric members of his order, wa3 born A.D. 1G4G, at Qiumpcr, in Brittany. His par- adoxes on ancient history are well kiio^vn, and had their origin chiefly m the vanity which prompted him to ob- tain celebrity at any cost. He endeavored to prove that the yEneid ascribed to Virgil, and the odes attrib- uted to Horace, were really composed by soriie nionks during the INIiddle Ages ! He edited an etlition of the Councils to the year 1714 (12 vols, fol.), which is much esteemed. Sec Concilia. This may appear singular, considering that Hardouin looked iqion all councils pre- ceding that of Trent as supposititious. Father Brun, of the Oratory, knowing the opinions of the Jesuit on that point, asked him one daj', '■ How did it happen that you pubUshed an edition of the Councils?" Hardouin answered, "Only God and I know that." He died at the College of St. Louis, Paris, Sept. 3, 1729. His most noted work is his Chronologice ex Niimmis Antiquis res- titutm Prolusio de Nitmmis Herodiadmn (Paris, 1693, 4to), in which he labors to show that, with few excep- tions, the writings ascribed to the ancients are wholly spurious. He wrote also Chronologia Vet. Testamenti (Paris, 1697, 4to) •.—Commentarius in Nov. Test. (Amst. 1741, fol.) : — J)e situ Paradisi Terrestris Disqjiisitio (in his edit, of Pliny) : — Plmii Jlistoria Naturalis (in the Delphin classics): — Opeirt selecta (1709, fol.). His Oji- era Omnia (Amsterdam, 1733, fol.) contains some curious pieces, among which are his Pseudo-Virffilius, Pseudo- Horatius, and especially his A thei detecti, against Janse- nius, Ajiiauld, Nicole, Pascal, Quesnel, Des Cartes, etc. A posthumous work of his. Prolegomena ad Censwam Scriptormn Vetermn (1766, 8vo), contains his full theory of the production of the classics by the monks of the IMiddle Ages. See P. Oudin, LJloges de quelques aitteiirs fran^ais ; JMoreri, Grand Diet, histor. ; Dupin, Bill, des autenrs eccli's. xix, 109; Joiim. des Sava7>ts. June, 172G, p. 226 ; March, 1727, p. 328 ; January-April, 1728, p. 579 ; La Croze, Dissert, hist, sur divers sujets, p. 231 ; Hoefer, Noin'. Bioff. Generale, xxiii, 357,
Hardt, HerM/Vkn von der. See Herjiann.
Hard-wrick, Charles, a minister of the Church of England, was bom at Slingsby, Yorkshire, September 22, 1821. At fifteen j-ears of age he became pupil assistant teacher iu Thornton Grammar-school, and in 1838 he was made assistant tutor in the academy at jMalton. In 1840 he entered the LTniversity of Cambridge (Catha- rine's Hall), graduating m 1844 as first senior optimc. In 1845 he obtained a fellowship in Catharine's Hall; iu 1851 he was ajipointed Cambridge preacher at the Chap- el Royal, Whitehall ; and in 1853, professor of divinity in Queen's College, Birmingham, which ofiice he held only for a few months. In 1855 he was made lecturer in divinity in King's College, Cambridge, and '• Chris- tian Advocate." In fulfilling the latter office, he pre- pared a work (incomplete, but yet of great A-alue to the new science of Comparative Theology), under the title Christ and other Masters; an Historical Lnquiry into some of the chief Parallelisms and Contrasts betrreen Chris- tianity/ and the Relirjious Systems of the Ancient World (London and Cambridge, 2d edit. 1853. 2 vols. fcji. 8vo). During a summer tour he -was killed by a fall in the Pyrenees, Aug. 18, 1859. His literary activity was very great, and it was accompanied by thorough scholarship and accuracy. Besides editing a number of works for the University press and for the Percy Society, he pub-