HAURANNE
98
HAVEN
by the Arab tribes for pasturage. The surface is per- fectly flat, and not a stone is to be seen save on the few low volcanic tells that rise \\\> here and there like islands in a sea. It contains upwards of a hundred towns and villaijes, most of them now deserted, though not ruined. The buildings in many of these are re- markable, the walls are of great thickness, and the roofs and doors are of stone, evidently of remote antiquity (see Porter's Five Years in Damascus, vol. ii). Accord- ing to E. Smith (in Kobinson's Researches, iii, Append, p. Io0-l.i7), the modern province of Haiu-an is regarded bv the natives as consisting of three parts, caUed en- Ntihra/i, el-Lejah, and tl-Jebel. The first of these terms designates the p/(«m of Hauran as above defined, ex- tending through its whole length, from wady el-Ajam on the north to the desert on the south. On the west of it is Jeidur, Jaidan, and Jebel Ajlun ; and on the east the Lcjah and Jebel Haiu-an. It has a gentle nndulat- iiig surface, is arable throughout, and, in general, very fertile. With the rest of Hauran, it is the granary of Damascus. The soil belongs to the government, and nothing but grain is cidtivated. Hardly a tree appears anywhere. The region still abounds in caves, which the old inhabitants excavated partly to serve as cisterns for the collection of water, and partly for granaries in which to secure their grain from plunderers. Eshmis- kin is considered the capital of the whole Hauran, being the residence of the chief of all its sheiks. The inhab- itants of this district are chiefly Muslems, who in man- ners and dress resemble the Bedawin, but there is a .sprinkling also of professed Christians, and latterly of the Druses (Miurray's Handbook, p. 49!)). The second division, or el-Lejah, lying east of the Nukrah and north of the momitains, has an elevation about the same as that of the Nukrah, but it is said to be almost a com- ]ilcte labyrinth of jiassages among rocks. The Lejah is the resort of several small tribes of Bedawin, who make it their home, and who continually issue forth from their rocky fastnesses on predatory excursions, and at- tack, plunder, or destroy, as suits their purpose. They have had the same character from a very remote pe- riod. Tlie third division is the mountain of Hauran, and appears from the north-west, as an isolated range, ■with the conical peak called Kelb and Kuleib Hauran (llie do;/), which is probably an extinct volcano, near Its southern extremity. But from the neighborhood of Busrah it is discovered that a lower continuation ex- tends southward as far as the eye can see. On this lower range stands the castle of Sulkhad, distinctly seen from Busrah. This mountain is perhaps the Alsada- nius of Ptolemy. (See Lightfoot, Op. i, 31(i; ii, 474; Iteland, Puhest.'p. 190; Journ. of Sac. Lit. .Tidy, 1854; (iraham, in Jovi-n. Roy. Geol. Soc. 1858, p. 254; Porter, Handbook, ii, 507 ; Stanley, Jewish Church, i, 213.) Hauranne. See Duvkrgier.
Hausniann, Xicolaus, an intimate friend of Lu- ther, and the reformer of the city of Zwickau and the duchy of Anhah,was born in 1479 at Freiberg. lie be- came at first preacher at Schnccl)erg, subseciuently at Zwickau, where he had many and severe controversies with the adherents of Thomas MUnzer. In 1532 he was apjiointed pastor of Dessau, having been warmly recom- mended by Luther. In 1538 he accepted a call as su- perintendent to his native town Freiberg, but while preaching his first sermon (Nov. G) he was struck with apoplexy, which caused his immediate death. Luther deeply bemoaned his deatli. and praised him as a man of profound piet}'. Two oi)iuions ofllausmann on the reformation in Zwickau have been published by Preller (Zei(schrift ftir die historische Theolof)ie, 1852). See O. (i. Schmidt, Nic. Jlausmami, der Freund Luthers (Lpz. l.S<;0). (A. J. S.)
Hautefage, Jkan, a French Roman Catholic theo- logian, was born at Puy Morin, near Toulouse, in 1735. He was eilucated by the Jesuits, but left them, and be- came a Jansenist. Havmg been ordauied priest, he be-
came vicar in a comitry church of the diocese of Tou- louse, but his opinions being suspected, he was suspend- ed. In 17GG he became subrector of the college of Aux- erre, and canon of that city, but his Jansenistic views caused him to be again persecuted, and in 1773 he was condemned to be whipped, branded, and sent to hard labor for life. He fled, and was declared innocent by Parliament Jan. 25, 177G. During his exile Hautefage had travelled through Southern Europe in company with another abbot, Duparc de BeUogarde, preaching his doc- trines everywhere. While at Lausanne in 1775 and the following years, they published (Euv7-es d'Antoine Ar- nauld (42 vols. 4to). After his return to Paris, Haute- fage published an abridgment of the Institution et Tn- stnidhni vlirillniiic^ (1785, r2mo), and the 3d part of the Noun Ih x irri;siii.<tlqncs, 17G1~1790 (1791, 4to). During the lieviihiiinii, and until his death, Feb. 18, 181G, he de- voted himself to teaching. See Silvy, Eloge de M. Vahle llautefa;je (Paris, 181G, 8vo); 'Qaxbier, Diet, des Anony- mes ; Hoefer, Kouv. Biog. Generale, xxiii, 574.
Havelock, Hkxrv, an eminent English soldier and Christian, was born at Bishop Wearmouth in 1795. He was educated under the Eev. J. Bradley, curate of Dart- ford, Kent, until 1804, when he was sent to the Charter- house. In 1814 he became a pupil of Chitty, the great special pleader of the day, to study law ; but in the fol- lowing j-ear he followed his brother William into the army, and was appointed to the Eifle Brigade, then the 95th. After serving in England, Ireland, and Scotland, Havelock embarked for India in 1823. To serve in that part of the world was his own choice, for which he had qualified himself by studying Hindostanee and Persian before leaving England. During the voyage a great change passed on his religions views, and on arriving with his regiment in India, he determined to devote his attention to the spiritual welfare of his men, and to as- semble them together, as opportunity afforded, for read- ing the Scriptures and devotional exercises, which he continued to do throughout the whole of his after ca- reer. In 1841 he was appointed Persian inteqireter to general Elphinstone, and took part in the memorable defence of Jellalabad. On the completion of the works, Havelock suggested to general Sale to assemble the gar- rison and give thanks to Almighty God, who had ena- bled them to complete the fortifications necessary for their protection. " The suggestion was approved, and the command given. ' Let us pray,' said a well-known voice. It was Havelock's. ' Let us pray !' and down be- fore the presence of the great God those soldiers rever- ently bowed, one and all of them, whilst at the impidse of a devout and grateftd heart he poured forth sujiplica- tion and praise in the name of the Great High-Priest." This incident is an illustration of Havelock's religious life during the whole of his military career. In the great Indian rebellion of 1857 he distinguished himself by a series of the most l>rilliant achievements in the an- nals of warfare ; but stiU he was distinguished most h\ his personal piety, which shone resplendently amid the horrors of -war. He died of dysentery at Alumljagh, Nov. 25. 1857, one day before the announcement of his elevation to the baronetcy under the title " Havelock of Lucknow," which was inherited by his eldest son, Henrj* JMarshman Havelock (born 1830). He wrote, History oflh,- .\r,i CinipnlniKs (London, 1827) ■.—Memoir of the.