Ha'wes, Joei,, D.D., a Congregational minister, was bom in Medway, IMass., Dec. 22, 1 789. His jiarents were poor, and his early opportunities of education were there- fore limited. After his conversion in 1807, lie gave all the time he could sjiaro iVoni his trade to study, and in 1809 he entered lirown rnivcrsity. During his college course he supported liimsclf chiefly by work during term time, and by teaching school in vacation. He graduated A.B. with honor in 1813. Al'ter completing the theological
HAWK
101
HAWK
course at Andover (1^18), he was settled as pastor of tlie First Congregational Church of Hartford, in which he remained imtil 1862, when the Kev. G. H. Gould was in- stalled as pastor. Dr. Hawes, however, remained as pas- tor emeritus, i)reaching frequently, as liis strength would admit. He died at Gilead, Conn., June 5, 18G7. His long pastorate at Hartford was eminently successful: more than 1500 persons joined the Church under his ministry. The great Christian enterprises, such as the Foreign Mission cause, Home Missions, Bible and Tract Distrihution, the Christian Press, Education for the Wm- istry, lay near his heart, and occupied a very large share of liis time and labors. His writings were chieHy prac- tical, and include Lectures to Youiifj Men (1828, which had an immense circulation both in America and in Great Britain) ■.^Tribute to the P'th/rlms (1830) :— Memoir of Noniitiihl Siiiitli ( l,s:!;i ) :—.[., Ill rs on Unive7-sal ism (ISmo) : Chararlir rrn-iilhh,<ij\,r tlie Young (iSio):—The lielifj- ion of the Ktist (l8lj) : — An Offering for Home Mission- aries (a volume of sermons, of which he gave 800 copies to the Home IVIissionary Society for distribution). — In- dependent,,]m\Q 13, 1867; Congregatio?icdisf, June, 1867.
Havrk (y3, nets, from its sw'iit flight; Sept. npa^; Yulg. accipiter), an English name in an altered fonn of the old \\'on\ fawk or fall; and in natural history repre- senting several genera of raptorial birds; as does the Arabic naz, and no doubt, also, the Hebrew nets, a term expressive of strong and rapid flight, and therefore high- ly appropriate to the hawk : the similarity of the Latin name nisus is worthy of notice. The hawk is noticed as an unclean bird (Lev. xi, 16: Deut. xiv, 15), and as "strotching het wings toward the south" (Job xxxix, 26) — an expression which has been variously understood as referring either to the migratory habits of the bird, one species alone being an exception to the general rule in this respect (Pliny, x, 9) ; or to its moulting, and seek- ing the warmth of the sun's rays in consequence (Bo- chart, Hieroz. iii, 9) ; or, lastly, to the opinion prevalent in ancient times, that it was the only bird whose keen eye could bear the direct rays of the sun (vElian, //. A. X, 14). The hawk, though not migratory in all coun- tries, is so in the south of Europe and in parts of Asia. It was common in Syria and the surrounding countries. In Egypt one species was regarded as sacred, and fre- quently appears on the ancient monuments. — Smith, s. V. Western Asia and Lower Egypt, and consequently the intermediate territory of Syria and Palestine, are the habitation or transitory' residence of a considerable number of species of the order Raptores,\\'hich, even in- cluding the shortest-winged, have great powers of flight, are remarkably enterprising, live to a great age, are mi- gratory, or followers upon birds of passage, or remain in a region so abundantly stocked with pigeon and turtle- dove as Palestine, and affording such a variety of ground to hunt their particular prej', abounding as it does in mountain and forest, plain, desert, marsh, river, and sea- coast. — Ivitto, s. V. See Nigiit-iiaw-k.
Falcons, or the " noble" birds of prey used for hawk- insiihave for many ages been objects of great interest.
Peregrine Falcon.
and still continue to be imported from distant countries. The Fulco communis, or peregrine falcon, is so generally diffused as to occur even in New Holland and South America. As a type of the genus, we may add that it haa the two foremost quill-feathers of almost equal length, and that when the wings are closed they nearly reach the end of the tail. On each side of the crooked point of the bill there is an angle or prominent tooth, and from the nostrils backwards a black streak passes beneath the eye and forms a patch on each side of the throat, giving the bird and its congeners a whiskered and menacing aspect. Next we may place Falco A roeiis, the sacred hawk of Egypt, in reality the same as, or a mere variet j' of the peregrine. Innumerable representations of it oc- cur in Egyptian monuments, in the character of Ilor- hat, or bird of victory ; also an emblem of Re, the Sun, and numerous other divinities (Sir J. G. Wilkinson's Manners ami Customs of the, A ncient Egyptians, 2d se- ries). The hobby, Fcdco suhhutco, is no doubt a second or third species of sacred hawk, having similar whiskers. Both this bird and the tractable merlin, Fulco cesalon, are used in the falconry of the inferior INIoslcm land-own- ers of Asiatic Tiu-key. Besides these, the kestril, Falco tinnunculus, occurs in Syria, and Falco tinminculoides, or lesser kestril, m Egypt ; and it is probable that both species visit these two territories according to the sea- sons. To these we may add the gerfalcon, Falco gyr- falco, which is one third larger than the peregrine : it is imported from Tartar3', and sold at Constantinople, Aleppo, and Damascus. The great birds fly at ante- lopes, bustards, cranes, etc.; and of the genus Astur, with shorter wings than true falcons, the goshawk, Fafco jndumharius, and the falcon gentil, Fedco gentilis, are either imported, or taken in their nests, and used to fly at lower and aquatic game. It is among the above that the seven species of hunting hawks enumerated by Dr. Russell must be sought; though, from the circumstance that the Arabic names of the birds alone were known to him, it is difficult to assign their scientific denomina- tions. The smaller and less powerful hawks of the ge- nus Nisus are mostly in use on account of the sport they afford, being less fatiguing, as they are employed to fly at pigeons, partridges, quails, pterocles, katta, and other species of ganga. There are various other raptorial birds, not here enumerated, found in Syria, Arabia, and Egypt.— Kitto, s. V. See Eagle ; Glede ; Kite ; Os- prey; Vulture.