Pornis ot Skulls of different races: I.Ethiopian: 2, Mon- golian ; 3, Caucasian ; 4, jSIalay ; 5, American Savage.
Tlie Caucasian family, comprisuig the nations of Eiu-ope, some of the Western Asiatics, etc., have the head of the most symmetrical shape, almost round, the forehead of moderate extent, the cheek-bones rather narrow, witli- out any projection, but a direction downwards from the molar process of the frontal bone; the alveolar edge well rounded; the front teeth of each jaw iilaccd jicr- pendicularly ; the face of oval shape, straight, features moderately prominent ; forehead arched ; nose narrow, slightly arched; mouth small; chin full and round. 2. The second is the Mongolian variety. .3. Ethiopian. 4. ISIalay and South Sea Islanders. 5. American. The de- scription of their peculiarities may be found in Prieh- ard's Ihsearchts iuto the Phi/sical Uist07-y of Mem, 2d ed. i, 1G7 sq. The reader may also consult La'WTence's Lec- tures on the Natural Ilistory of Man; J. MuUer's lland-
buck der Physiologie. But the most recent, if not the best work on the subject before us is Prichard's Natural Ilistory of Man (1843), a work which comprises and re- views, in the spirit of a sound philosophy, all that has hitherto been written and discovered on the origin, phys- ical structure, and propagation over the earth of the race of man. In this invaluable work full details may be fomid of the methods of studjdng the human head of which we have spoken, and of some others, not less in- teresting in themselves, nor less valuable in their results (see particularly p. IIG sq.).— Kitto, s. v.
II. Scriptural References. — This part of the human body has generally been considered as the abode of in- telligence, while the heart, or the parts placed near it, have been accomited the place where the affections lie (Gen. iii, 15; Psa. iii,3; Eccles. ii, 14). The head and the heart are sometimes taken for the entire person (Isa. i, 5). Even the head alone, as being the chief member, frequently stands for the man (Pro v. x, 6). The head also denotes sovereignty (1 Cor. xi, 8). Covering the head, and cutting off the hair, were signs of mourning and tokens of distress, w-hich were enhanced by throw- ing ashes on the head, together with sackcloth (Amos viii, 10 ; Job i, 20 ; Lev. xxi, 5 ; Dent, xiv, 1 ; 2 Sam. xiii, 10; Esth.iv, 1); while anointing the head was practised on festive occasions, and considered an emblem of fe- licity (Eccles. ix, 8; Psa. xxiii, 5; Luke vii, 4G). See Anoint. It was not imusual to swear by the head (Matt. V, 3G).— Kitto, s. v. The phrase to lift vp the head of any one, is to exalt him (Psa. iii, 3 ; ex, 7) ; and to return or [/ive hack iipon one's head, is to be requited, rec- ompensed (Psa. vii, 16 ; Joel iii, 4 ; Ezek. ix, 10 ; xi, 21 ; xvi, 43 ; xvii, 19 ; xxii, 31). So, your blood he on your own heads (Acts xviii, G) ; the guilt of your destruction rests upon yourselves (2 Sam. i, 16 ; 1 Kings ii, 33, 37). The term head is used to signify the chief, one to whom others are subordinate ; the prince of a people or state (Judg. X, 18; xi, 8; 1 Sam. xv, 17; Psa. xviii, 43; Isa. vii, 8, 9) ; of a family, the head, chief, patriarch (Exod. vi, 14 ; Numb, vii, 2 ; 1 Chron. v, 24) ; of a husband in relation to a wife (Gen. iii, 16 ; 1 Cor. xi, 3 ; Eph. v, 23). So of Christ the head in relation to his Chiu-ch, which is his bodv, and its members his members (1 Cor. xii, 27 ; xi,3: Eph. i, 22; iv, 15; v,23; Col. 1,18; ii, 10, 19) ; of God in relation to Christ (1 Cor. xi, 3). Head is also used for what is kirjhest, iippermost ; the top, summit of a mountain (Gen. viii, 5; Exod. xvii, 9, 10; xix, 20). The mountain of the Lord's house shall be established at the //cad of the mountains, and shall be higher than the hills, i. e. it shall be a j^rince among the mountains (Isa. ii, 2). Four heads of rivers, i. e. four rivers into which the waters divide themselves (Gen. ii, 10). Head stone of the corner (Psa. cxviii, 22), either the highest, form- ing the top or coping of the corner; or lowest, which forms the fomidation of the building. — Bastow. See
CoRXEIt.
111. Hair of the Head ("'^5) was by the Hebrews worn thick and full as an ornament of the person (comp. Ezek. viii, 3 ; Jer. vii, 29) ; a bald head, besides exposing one to the suspicion of leprosy (Lev. xiii, 43 sq.), was al- ways a cause of mortification (2 Kings ii, 23 ; Isa. iii, 17, 24 ; comp. Sueton. Cas. 45 ; Domii. 18 ; Homer, Hiad, ii, 219; Hariri, 10, p. 99, ed. Sacy) ; among the priestly or- der it therefore amounted to a positive disqualification (Lev. xxi, 20; IMishna, Bechoroth, vii, 2); among the Egyptians, on the contrary, the hair was regularly shorn (Gen. xli, 14), and only allowed to go luicut in seasons of mourning (Herod, ii, 36). Hair so long as to descend to the shoulders, however, seems only in early times to have been the habit, in the male sex. with youth (2 Sam. xiv, "26; Joseph. ^Inf. viii, 7, 3; Horace, Od. ii, 5, 21 ; iii, 20, 14). i\Ien cropped it from time to time with shears ("irPl, mi:2; comp. Ezek. xliv, 20, and the Kojir] /iticnd of the Babylonians, Strabo xvi, 746). See, however, Nazakite. Among the late .Jews long hair in men was esteemed a weakness (1 Cor. xi, 14;