HEAD
111
HEAD-DRESS
comp. Plutarch, Qiicesf. Rom. xiv; Qem. Alex. Pml iii, lOG ; Einphaii. Ifcer. Ixviii, G ; Jerome ad J'Jzech. xliv) ; Init it was otherwise in Sparta (Aristot. Jt/ief. i, 9 ; He- rod, i, 82 ; Xenoph. Lac. xi, 3 ; comp. Aristoph. A n. 1287 sq.) ; and to tlie priests any curtailment oi" it was for- bidden (Otlio, Lex. Rahh. p". 118; for the long hair on the Persepolitan remains, see Niebuhr, Trav.W. 128 ; and for that of the Asiatic priests in general, see jMovers, Phonic, i, 082 : on the Assyrian monuments it is always, in the case of natives at least, represented as long and elaborately curled; see Layard, passim). Only in cases of religious vows did males sutfer it to grow uncut (Acts xviii, 18; see Kuinijl, ad loc). Females, on the contra- TV, set great value upon the hair (1 Cor. 1. c. ; compare Cant, iv, 1 ; Luke vii, 38; John xi,2 [Kev. ix, 8] ; Phi- lostr. Lp. 2G ; I'lutarch, Be vit. cure al. iii ; Harmer, iii, 319; Eosenmiiller, Morgenl. vi, 108; Kype, OisertT. ii, i220). There were various modes of putting up the hair (Ezek. xliv, 20 ; comp. Herod, iv, 175, 191) ; and it was a statute that men should not cut off the carlocks (PitS "ipTIl, Lev. xix, 27 ; A. V. " round the corners of the head"). Women, especially, were wont to curl the hair (Isa. iii, 24 ; see Gesen. ad loc. ; comp. Serv. ad yEii. xii, 98), and to braid it (2 Kings ix, 30 ; Judith x, 3 ; 1 Pet. iii, 3; lTim.ii,9; comp. Joseph. IFrt?-, iv, 9, 10; Homer, //. i,330; xiv, 175; Harmer, ii, 381 : to go with dishev- elled hair \_passis crmibus'] was a mark of grief, 3 jMacc. i, 9; comp. Luke vii, 38; Lightfoot,C)/)/j.p. 1081; but rus- tic maidens often let the hair fall in loose tresses [InS'l, Cant, vii, G ; comp. Anacr. xxix, 7 ] , merely bound with a ribbon), or even to interweave it with gems or other linery {Iliad, ■Kvu,b2), and in later times to ornament it most elaborately (see Lightfoot,0;);}.p.4r98; Hartmami, //c6r. ii, 208 sq.). See Heau-ouess. Even men some- times appeared with curls (Joseph. Anf. xiv, 9, 4; comp. 11',//-, iv,9,10; Phi^C*/;!/;. ii,479; Plutarch, /.//«/ ^v;. 22), \\iiiih, however, was generally disapproved (Philo, Opp. ii,3UG.479; Cicero, -Sex/. 8 ; Artemid.ii,G; Martial, ii, 36; Piiocyl. Sentent. 194 sq. ; Clement Alexand. Peed, iii, p. 101). Combs are nowhere mentioned in the O. T. (other nations knew them, Ovid, Fast, i, 405 ; Petron. Sat. 12G ; Apul. .Isiw. ii, p. 213; comp. Iliad, xiv, 176), although they, as weU as hair-pins, are referred to in the Talmud (llartmann, p. 224 sq.). Hair-powder was unkno^ni to the ancients. On the other hand, they used to anoint the hair \vith costly oils (Psa. xxiii, 5 ; cxxxiii, 2 : Matt, vi, 17 ; Luke vii, 46 ; Joseph. Ant. xix, 4, 1 ; as also non- Jewish nations, Plutarch, Pracepta conjurj. 29 ; Horace, Od. ii, 11, 16; iii, 29, 2; Ovid, Ars Am. i, 505; Tibul. i, 751 ; Suetonius, Cces. G7 ; Apul. Metam. ii, 30, Bip.), and gave it a brilliant lustre by a mixture of gold-dust in these unguents ( Joseph. J ;(f. viii, 7, 3 ; comp. Lamprid. Commod. 17), as the hair of Orientals is generally black (Cant, iv, 1 ; v, 11 : David's ruibus hair is named as pe- euUar, 1 Sara, xvi, 12). A common method of dressing the hair among many ancient nations (Pliny, xv, 24 ; xxiii, 32, 46 ; xxvi, 93 ; xxviii, 51 ; Athen. xii, 542 ; Yal. Max. ii, 1, 5 ; Diod. Sic. v, 28 ; but not among the Greeks, Plutarch, Apo^iht. reg. p. 19, Tauchn.), and one higlily esteemed bj' modern Orientals, namely, to stain it red- dish-yellow by means of henna [see Cajiphire], al- though perhaps not unknown to the Hebrewesses (see Cant, vii, 5), as an imitation of the generally prized golden-hued locks ( flaci crines) of antiquity {Iliad, i, 197; ii,642; Virg..i'«.iv,549; Ovid, /'««/. iiw 63 ; Stat. Achil. i, 162 ; Petron. Sat. 105 ; Apul. Metam. ii, 25, Bip. ; see Brouckhus. ad Tihull. i, 6, 8), was a practice that does not appear to have anciently prevailed in the East ; and modern Arabs are only accustomed to dye the hair when gray (Xiebuhr, Trav. i, 303). False hair has been incorrectly inferred from the Mishna {Shabb. yi,b), al- though used among the Medians (comp. Xenoph. Ci/r. i, 3, 2, (co/tai Trpoa^iToi), and occasionally by old men (Ovid, ,1 /■*■ .4 m. iii. 16), or for some special purjiose (Polyb. iii, 78; Petron. .S'«M10 ; Juven. Sat. vi, 120: .Josephus condemns its use, irtpi^ir)) n6fii], Life, 11) ; but wigs,
although common in ancient Egypt (see Wilkinson, /I ?;<?. AV/. ii, 325, 326, 329), are imknown in the modern East (see Nikolai, Ueb. d.falscheii Ilaare it.Perilcken in alt. u. n. Zeit. Berl. 1801 ; Heindorf, on Ilorat. Satir. p. 183 ; Beroald, on ApuL ]\Iet. p. 244 ; Fabric. Bibliogr. A ntiq. p. 847). See generally Schwebel, De vett. in capillis or- nandis studio (Onold. 1768). On the treatment of the hair in mourning, see Giuef. See Junius, De coma, c. animad. Gruteri (Amst. 1708) ; Salmasius, De coesarie vi- ror. et coma vudier. (L. B. 1644) ; Henning, De capillis vett. (]Magdeb. 1678).— Winer, i,4rl9. Compare Haiij.