Henry of St. Ignatius, a Flemish theologian, was born at Ath in the 17th centurj'. He joined the Car- melites of his native city, and for many years taught theology in their schools. During a journey he made to Rome in 1701-1709, he acquired great influence with pope Clement XI. On his return he wrote a number of books of Janseuist tendency, and in which he showed himself especially severe on the Jesuit casuists. He died about 1720. The most important of his writings are, Theologia vetus, fundamentcdis (Liege, 1G77, fol.) :— Molinismus i)rojiigahis (Liege, 1715, 2 vols. 8vo) ■.—Arks Jesuiticas (Strasb. 3d ed. 1710; 4th ed. 1717, 12mo) :— Tuba magna minim clangem sonum, ad SS. D. N.iuipam Clementem XI, etc. . . , de necessitate reformandi tSoc. Jesu (Strasb. [Utrecht] 1717, 2 vols. 12mo). See Du- pin, Bibl. des Auteurs Eccles. pt. i; Richard et Giraud, Bill. Sacree; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ghierale, xxiv, 154.
Henry of Z utphex. See Moller.
Henry IV, king of France and Navarre, son of
Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret, was bom at Pau, in Beam, Dec. 15, 1553. He was carefully educated in Protestant principles by his excellent mother, who recalled him to her home at Pau from the French court in 15GG. In 15G9 he joined the Huguenot army at La RocheUe, and was acknowledged as their leader, the actual command, however, being left with Coligni (q. v.). The peace of St. Germain (1570) allowed him to retiu-n to court, and in 1572 he married Margaret, sister of Charles IX. The massacre of St. Bartholomew fol- lowed soon after, and Henry's life was onlj^ spared on that awful night on his promise to become a Roman Catholic. During the next three years he was watched as a prisoner, though not in confinement. In 157G he again took the field as the head of the Huguenots ; and, after years of alternate victory and defeat, he made peace with Henrj^ III, whose death in 1589 made him, in right of the Salic law, king of France. A large part of the nation, however, was too strongly Roman Catho- lic to allow his accession to the throne in peace. The " League" made the duke of JMaine lieutenant general of the kingdom ; but in 1590 the battle of Ivry, between the duke and Henry, ended in a grand victory- for the latter. In 1593 Henry agreed to become a Roman Cath- olic, and publicly recanted at St. Denis. By the year 1598 all France was peaceably subject to him. " Henry was censured for his change of religion, and by none more earnestly than by his faithfid friend and counsel- lor, Duplessis ]\Iornay. On the other hand, many of the Roman Catholics never believed his conversion to be sincere. But the truth probably was, that Henry, accustomed from his infancy 'to the life of camps and the hurry of dissipation, was not capable of serious re- Ugious meditation, and that he knew as little of the re- ligion which he forsook as of that whieii he embraced. In his long conference at Chartres in September, 1593, with Duplessis jMornaj% which took place after his abju- ration, he told his friend that the step he had taken was one not only of prudence, but of absolute necessitj'; that his affections remained the same towards his friends and subjects of the Reformed communion; and he ex- pressed a ho)5e that he should one day be able to bring about a union between the two religions, which, he ol> served, differed less in essentials than, was supposed. To this Duplessis replied that no such union could ever be effected in France miless the pope's power was first entirdv abulishcd (Meni.et Correspondance de Duplessis Jformn/ <!,/./>/:■< r.ii, IbTljusqu'en 1623, Paris, 1824-34)" {Elif//is/i CiirlnpaiUd, S. v.).
His reign was a very successful one, but we are con- cerned here only with its relations to the Church. On the 15th of April, 1598, Henry signed the Edict of Nantes (q. v.) to secure justice to his Protestant sub- jects, and liberty of conscience. During Henr\''s life no public persecution of Protestants was possible, but the ignorant intolerance of the rural fmictionaries and priests often frustrated his good wishes and commands. On the 14th of IMay, 1610, he was assassinated in his carriage by one RavaUlac, supposed to have been a tool of the Jesuits.
Henry VIII, king of England, was bom in Green- wich June 28, 1491. He was second son of Henr}"^ VII and queen Elizabeth (of York). His elder brother Ar- thin, prince of Wales, dying in 1502, Henry became heir- apparent. In 1503 a dispensation was obtained from Julius II (pope) to allow Henry to marry his broth- er Arthur's widow (Catharine of Aragon) — a match which turned out sadly enough. Henry came to the throne April 22, 1509. The early years of his reign were comparatively uneventfid. Wolsey became prime minister about 1513, and governed, for about fifteen years, with a view to his own ambition as well as to the pas- sions of his master; but, on the whole, England pros- pered under his administration. See Wolsey. Henry was at this time an ardent advocate of Roman %news ; in 1521 he published his A dseriio septem Sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum (4to), for which service
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