iv.— D D
probably ran usually lengthwise and crosswise (Pliny, xviii, 19 ; Niebuhr, Beschr. p. 155). The sowing occur- red, for winter grain, in October and November; for summer fruit, in January or February ; the harvest in April. The unexceptionable accounts of fifty-fold and hundred-folu crops (Gen. xxvi, 12 [on the reading here, see Tuch, ad loc] ; Matt, xiii, 8 sq. ; compare Josephus, War, iv, 8, 3 ; Herod, i, 193 ; Pliny, xviii, 47 ; Strabo, XV, 731; xvi, 742; Heliod. yEtk. x, 5, p. 395; Sonnini, Trav. ii, 306; Shaw, Trav. p. 123; Biu-ckhardt, i, 463; yet see Kuppel, Ab//ss. i, 92; Niebuhr, Beschreib. p. 151 sq.) seem to show that the ancients sowed (planted, i. c. deposited the grain. Bib, Isa. xxviii, 25) in drills, and with wide spaces between (Niebuhr, Beschreib. p. 157; Brown's Travels in Africa, p. 457), as Strabo (xv, 731) expressly says was the case among the Babylonians. (See further under the above terms respectively; and comp. generally Ugolini, Comment, de re rustica vet. Ileb., in his Thesuur. xxix ; H. G, Paulsen, Nachrichten vom Aclcerbau der Morgenliinder, Helmstiidt, 1748 ; id, Ack- erbau d. Morgenldnder, Helmstiidt, 1748; Norberj-, De agi-icultura orient., in his Opusc. Acad, ii, 474 sqq,; P. G. Purmann, 5 progr. de re rustica vet. Ilebr. Franckf. 1787 ; also the Calendar. Palwst. ceconom. by Buhle and Walch, Getting. 1784 ; Reynier, U Economic rurale des A rabes ; Wilkinson, A nc. Egi/ptians ; Layard's Nineveh, 1849; his Nineveh and Babylon, 1853; Kitto's Physical Hist, of Palest. 1843.) See Agriculture.
The legal regulations for the security and promotion of agriculture among the Israelites (compare Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. 23 sq.) were the following : a. Every heredi- tary or family estate was inalienable (Lev. xxv, 23) ; it could indeed be sold for debt, but the purchaser held only the usufruct of the ground ; hence the land itself revert- ed without redemption at the year of jubilee to its ap- propriate owner (Lev. xxv, 28), whether the original possessor or his heirs-at-law ; and at any time during the interval before that period it might be redeemed by such person on repayment of the purchase-money (Lev. xxv, 24). See Land; Jubilee, b. The removal of field-lines marked by boundarj'-stones {^' terminC) was strongly interdicted (Deut, xix, 14; compare xxvii, 17; Prov. xxii, 28 ; Hos. v, 10), as in all ancient nations (comp. Plato, Leg. viii, p. 843 sq. ; Dougtrei, A nakct. i, 110; since these metes were established with reUgious ceremonies, see Pliny, xviii, 2 ; compare Ovid, Fasti, ii, 039 s(i.); yet no special penalty is denounced in law against offenders. For any damage done to a field or its gi-owth, whether by the overrunning of cattle or the spreading of fire (Exod.xxii, 5 sq.),full satisfaction was exacted (Philo, 0pp. ii, 339 sq.). But it was not ac- counted a trespass for a person to pluck ears of grain from a stranger's field with the naked hand (Deut. xxiii, 20 ; Matt, xii, 1 ; Luke vi, 1). This last prescription, which prevails likewise among the ^\rabs in Palestine (Eobinson's Researches, ii, 419, 430), was also extended to the gleanings (^J?^, comp. Robinson's Res. iii, 9) and to the corners of the field (see IMishna, Peah, i, 2, where these are computed at a sixtieth part of the field), which were left for the poor, who were in like manner to share in the remnants of the produce of vineyards and fruit- trees. See Gleaning, c. Everj' seventh year it was ordained that all the fields throughout the entire land should lie fallow, and whatever grew spontaneously be- longed to the poor (Lev. xxv, 4 sq.). See Sabbatical Year. d. Various seeds were not allowed to be planted in the same field (Lev. xix, 19; Deut. xxii, 9). These beneficent statutes, liowever, were not uniformly ob- served by the Israelites (before the Exile). Covetous farmers not only suffered themselves to remove their neighbor's land-mark (Hos. v, 10; comp. Job xxiv, 2), but even kings bought large tracts of land {latifundia) together (Isa. v, 8 ; Mic ii, 2), so that the entailment and right of redemption of the original possessor appear to have fallen into disuse ; neither was the Sabbatical year regularly obsen-ed (Jer. xxxiv, 8 sq.). (For fui-
HUSGEX
418
HUSK
ther agricultural details, see Jahn's Bill. A rckaol. chap. iv.)_Winer, i, 17. See Farm.
Hiisgen, Johann, a German Eoman Catholic di- vine, was born at Giesenkirchen, near Cologne, in 1769, In 1792 he became vicar and teacher at his native place, and after filling different vicarages, was appointed super- intendent over the Eoman Catholic schools at Aix-la- ChapeUe in 1816, in 1825 general vicar to archbishop Spiegel of Desenberg and dean in Cologne, and in 1835, upon the death of the archbishop, presiding officer of the archiepiscopacy pro tem, in which offices he greatly dis- tinguished himself by his kind and conciliatorj^ spirit towards aU sects. He died in 1841,— Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 635.
Hu'shah (Hebrew Chushah', trdW, haste; Sept, 'Qaav, Vulg. Ilosd), son of Ezer and grandson of Hiu", of the family of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 4 ) ; whence proba- bly the patronymic Hushathite (Heb. Chushathi', indW, Sept, 'Affw^i, Ovaa^'i), 2 Sara, xxi, 18; 1 Chron, xi, 29 ; XX, 4, He seems to be the same person called Shuah in 1 Chron, iv, 11, Corop. Hushan, B.C, post 1612,