Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel von, a Swiss the- ologian who became a convert to Ronianisin. was bom at Schaflfhausen JIarch 19, 1787. Ho studied Protestant theology at the University of Gcittingcn, became pastor of a countrj- congregation in his native canton, 1824, first pastor "of the city of Schaffliausen, 1835, antistes (chief of the clergy of the canton) and dean of the synod. His intimate association with some of the ultramontane Roman Catholics, and the great attention paid liim by
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communicants of the Church of Rome on a journey through Bavaria and Austria, brought on liim the stig- ma of Cryptocatholicism, and he was. requested b}"- his colleagues at SchaflFhausen to define his position to the Reformed Church in which he held orders. As the dec- laration wliich Hiu-ter made gave dissatisfaction to his Protestant friends and brethren in the ministry, he re- signed his position in 1841, and in June, 1844, made open declaration of his abjuration from the Reformed and adherence to the Romish Church. , He row devoted his time mainly to the study of history, and in 1845 ac- cepted a call to Vienna as imperial historiographer. Un- der the liberal ministry of Pillersdorf he had to resign this jjosiiion, but recovered it in 1851, when he was also ennobled. He died at Gratz Aug. 27, 1865. His works of especial interest to the theologian are, Geschichte des Papstes Innocenz III u. s. Zeitalter (Hamb. 1834-42, 4 vols. 8vo) : — Befeindung d. Kathol. Kirche in d. Schweiz (Schaifh. 1840) -.—Geburt u. Wiedergeburt (ibid. 1845, 4 vols. 8vo; 4th ed. 1867, etc.) : — Geschichte Ferdinand II und seine}- Eltem (Schafrhaus. 1850-64, 11 vols.). The researches made for his history of Innocent HI, the Ro- man Catholics claim, led to Hurter's conversion to their Church. — Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 633 ; Werner, Gesch. der Kathol. Theol. p. 521 sq.
Hurter, Johann Georg, a German Pietist and philanthropist, was born in the latter half of the 17th century. Of his early history we know but little. He was pastor of a church at Schaffhausen from 1704. He is often called " an Augustus Hermann Francke in min- iature" on account of the school and orphan-houses which he built without possessing the necessarj' means, relying solely, like Francke, on providential help. His first undertaking was the building of a school-house for the instruction of the children of his own scattered con- gregation, who -were obliged to go a long way to the town school, and of whom many could not get there at all. " la December, 1709, seventy children, with their pastor, Hurter, at tlieir head, celebrated, with prayer and thanksgiving, their entrance into their new house." The contributions which he had received for the under- taking had been so numerous and so ready that on the completion of the school-house he decided to build an orphan asylum. One benevolent man laid the comer- stone by a gift of 200 florins. To make a beginning, one of the rooms in the school-house was set apart for the reception of orphans, and in Juh', 1711, a widow with seven children was received. The contributions mul- tiplied, and with them the children. Hurter contrib- uted even much of his own means; and when in 1716 he, with other Pietists, was rewarded for his service by dep- osition from the ministry, he modestly secluded him- self in a little room in his orphan asylum, and there spent the latter years of his life. He died in 1721. — This article is based altogether on Hurst's translation of Hagenbach, Jlist. of the Church in the iSth and 19th Centuries (K York, Scribner and Co., 1869, 2 vols. 8vo), i, 181.
Hui'witz, Hyjiax, a distinguished Jewish scholar, of whose early Ufe but little is known, was. up to the time of his death (about 1850), professor of Hebrew in the University College, London. He is best known as the autlior of Vindiclce Ilehraicce, or A Defence of the llehreio Scriptures (Lond. 1820, 8vo), which, at the time of its appearance, was highly commented upon by the London Quarterly lierien; and by Home in his Bill. Bib. Hurwitz also published a volume of Hebrew Tales, collected chiefly from the Talmud, to which he pays a verj' high tribute, and of which, while endeavoring to free it from the objection so frequently made to some of its indecent passages and many contradictions, he says, "I do not hesitate to avow my doubts whether there exists any uninspired work of equal antiquity that contains more interesting, more various and valuable information, than that of the still-existing remains of the ancient Hebrew sages." In 1807 Hurwitz began
the publication of text-books for the study of the He- brew language, which are considered among the best extant in the English language. They were. Elements of the Ilebr. Lang. pt. i, Orthography (Lond. 1807, 8vo ; 4th ed. 1848, 8vo) : — Etymology and Syntax of the Jlebr, Lang. (4th ed. 1850, 8vo) : — Hebrew Grammar (4th ed. 1850, 8vo). — Etheriilge, Inlrod. to Hebr. Lit. p. 183 sq.; Allibone, Diet, of Authors, i, 926.
Husband (prop. d"iit or diJX, a man, ciin'ip ; also ?y3, master, '{^X^, sjwuse [in Exod. iv, 24, the phrase "bloody husband" has an allusion to the matrimonial figure in the covenant of circumcision (q. v.)], etc), a married man, the house-band, or band which connects the ^vhole family, and keeps it together. Johnson {Engl, Diet. s. V.) refers the term to the Runic, house-6o?«rfa, master of the house ; but several of his instances seem allied to the sense of binding together, or assembling into union. So we say, to husband small portions of things, meaning to collect and unite them, to manage them to the greatest advantage, etc, wliich is by associating them together ; making the most of them, not by dis- persion, but by imion. A man who was betrothed, but not actually married, was esteemed a husband (]Matt. i, 16, 20; Luke ii, 5). A man recently married was ex- empt from going out to war (Deut. xx, 7; xxiv, 5). The husband is described as the head of liis wife, and as having control over her conduct, so as to supersede her vows, etc. (Numb, xxx, 6-8). He is also the guide of her youth (Prov. ii, 17). Sarah called her husband Abraham lord, a title which was continued long after (Hos. ii, 16) [baali, my lord]. The apostle Peter seems to recommend it as a title implying great respect, as well as affection (1 Pet. iii, 6). Perhaps it was rather used as an appeUation in public than in private. Our own word master [J/r.] (and so correl .tively mistress) is sometimes used by married women when speaking of their husbands ; but the ordinary use made of this word to all persons, and on all occasions, deprives it of any claim to the expression of particular affection or re- spect, though it was probably in former ages implied by it or connected with it, as it still is in the instances of proprietors, chiefs, teachers, and superiors, whether in civil life, in polite arts, or in liberal studies. — Cabnet. See Marriage.