Orphanites, again united to repel the invader. In a few ■weeks 50,000 infantry, 7000 cavalry, and 3600 chariots ■were gathered." The crusading force also had been col- lecting, and now numbered 80,000 (some say 130,000) men, under the command of tlie elector of Brandenburg. This army, immense as it was, and powerful and in- vincible as it seemed, was, like its predecessors, com- pletely routed at Tausch, August li, 1431, and the hopes of the Imperialists of subjecting the Bohemians by force of arms effectually crushed. Sigismmid now most ear- nestly endeavored to make peace, and intrusted the ne- gotiations to the Council of Basle (which met Decem- ber, 1431). The Bohemians were invited, promised a safe-conduct, and freedom to remain at Basle, to act, de- cide, treat, and enter into arrangements with the coun- cil; also "perfect liberty to celebrate in their houses their peculiar forms of worship ; that in public and in private they should be allowed from Scripture and the holy doctors to advance proof of their four Articles, against which no preaching of the Catholics should be allowed while they remained within the city." But even with these proffered favorable conditions the Bo- hemians at first kept aloof, mistrusting the sincerity of the offers made them ; yet in 1432 they consented to send envoys to the council. It was in the beginnmg of the next year (January 4, 1433) that the Bohemian deputation, numbering 300, was chosen from the most noble in the land, and with Procopius " the Great," the colleague of Zisca, the hero of many battles, the leader of many invasions, at its head. On the IGth of January the Bohemian deputation appeared before the council, and presented the four Articles of Prague as the basis of negotiations. After discussing them for fifty days, tlje parties had been brought no nearer together, and the Bohemians, growing impatient, prepared for their return to Prague. Towards the close of the same year, however, the council sent envo3's to Prague, and finally the Treaty of Prague was concluded, November 30, 1433, known in history as the Compactaia, stipulating first for the restoration of peace and the abolition of ecclesi- astical censorship, then for the admission of the four Articles of Prague, modified as follows : 1, the eucharist to be administered equally under one or both kinds ; 2, that preaching should be free, but only permitted to reg- ularly ordained ministers ; 3, that priests should have no possessions, but should be permitted to administer upon them ; 4, that sin should be punished, but only by the regularly constituted authorities. The Taborites dis- approved the proceedings; a diet, held at Prague in 1434, in which the Calixtines acknowledged the authority of the pope, brought the difficulty to a crisis, and the Ca- lixtines, joined by the Roman Catholics, defeated the Taborites near Bohmischbrod, May 30, 1434. The two Procopiuses were killed. The Taborites were now driven to their strongholds, which they were obliged to surren- der one by one. In another diet, held at Prague in 1435, all Bohemians acknowledged Sigismund for their king, he granting them, on his part, very advantageous conditions for their country and sect. The Eomish Church, in accepting the four Articles, having conceded to them the use of the cup in the eucharist, and many other privileges, they were finally absolved from ecclesi- astical interdict, and the emperor came to Prague Au- gust 23, 1436. The Taborites submitted gradually, and the tlius united Hussites took the name of Utraquists (q.v.).
Sigismmid, however, did not keep the promises lie had made on ascending the throne of Bohemia, but rather used evcrj' means to restore the Roman Catholic faith in that coimtry. The chief of the Hussites, John Rokyzan, wlioni the emperor himself had at first con- firmed in the office of archbishop, came to be in danger of his life. Tliis created new distiu-bances, which con- tinued until the death of Sigismund in 1437. Tlie Ro- man Catholic party now elected Albrecht of Austria king, but the Hussites chose Casimir of Poland. The former finally prevailed ; but at his death, in October,
1439, during the minority of his son Ladislaus, two gov- ernors were appointed (in 1441), the one a Roman Cath- olic, the other a Hussite, to govern the kingdom. In 1444, George de Podiebrad v/as the Hussite governor chosen, and in 1450 he assumed the sole controL This change created no disorder, as the Roman Catholics, who were busily engaged midermining the Hussite doc- trine and gaining over its adherents, were anxious to avoid an open conflict with them. At the death of Ladislaus in 1457, George himself was elected king. In order to conciliate the pope, he caused himself to be crowned by Roman Catholic bishops, and swore obedi- ence to the Church and to the pope. During his reign the Calixtines enjoyed fidl religious liberty; and when Pope Pius II declared the treaty abolished in 1462, George sent the papal legates to prison without further forms. For this he was put mider the ban, and finally deposed by the pope in 1463.
" Meanwhile the warlike Taborites had disappeared from the scene. They no longer formed a national party. But the feeble remnants of that midtitude which had once followed the standards of Zisca and Procopius still clung to their cherished faith, and, with the Word of God as their only supreme authority, the United Brethren (q. v.) appear as their lineal representatives. How, from such an origin, should have sprung a people whose peaceful virtues and missionary zeal have been acknowledged by the world, is a problem only to be solved by admitting that, in the faith of the old Tabor- ites, however they may have been guilty of fanatical excesses, there was to be found that fundamental prin- ciple of reverence for the authority of Scriptiu-e alone which they bequeathed as a cherished legacy to those who could apply and act upon it in more favorable cir- cumstances and in more peaceful times." The success- or of George, Ladislaus of Poland, who came to the government in 1471, held fast to the conditions of tlie treaty, though himself a Roman CathoUc. In 1485 he concluded the peace of Kuttenberg, according to which the Utraquists and Submiists (Roman Catholics who communed but in one kind) were promised equal toler- ation ; and in 1497 he gave the Utraquists the right to appoint an administrator of the archbishopric of Prague as their ecclesiastical chief. AVhen the Reformation began in Germany, it was glatUy hailed by both the Calixtines and the Bohemian Brethren, and in 1524 they decided to continue, mider the guidance of Luther, the reform begun by Huss. A large part of them now divided themselves into Lutherans and Calvinists, and in 1575 both these united with the Bohemian Brethren in a joint confession, and became a strictly Protestant denomination. They were permitted to enjoy reUg- ious liberty until 1612, when they were subjected to many restrictions by the emperor Mattliias, and to still more by the emperor Rudolph in 1617. This was the first cause of the Thirty-years' War, and it was only under Joseph II that the Calixtines recovered their re- ligious liberty. See Cochlaus, Hist. Ilussitariiin (Jlay- ence, 1549, fol.) ; Theobald, llussitenkrieg ("Wittenberg, 1609; Nuremb. 1623; Bresl. 1750,3 vols.); Geschichted. Hussiten (Lpz. 1784) ; Schubert, Gesehichte d. Ihissiten- krief/s (Neustadt, 1825) ; Pierer, Universal Lexikon, viii, 636; Koppen, Der all. Huss. Briiderkirche (Lpz. 1845) ; The Reformation and A nti- Reformation in Bohemia (London, 1849, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Palacky, Geschichte v. Boh- men (1845, 3 vols.), vol. iii; BeziehuMjen u.Verhdltniss d. Wuldenser z. d. ehemalifjen Sekten inBohmen (Prag. 1869) ; Vo7-ldiifer d. Ilussitenthums in Bohmen (new edit. 1869) ; Jean Gochlee and Theobaldus, Hist, de la Guerre des Hussites ; Neander, Church Hisf.v, 172; Gindely, Gesch. d. Bohmischen Briider (Prague, 1857, 2 vols. 8vo) ; and especially Gillett, Life and Times of John Huss (Boston, 1863, 2 vols. 8vo), from which extracts have frequently been made in this article. Roman Catholic— Aschbach, Kirchen-Lexikon, iii, 348 sq. ; Gesch. Kaiser Sirjmunds (Hamb. 1838-45, 4 vols. 8vo). See Huss. (.LH.W.)