Hydroparastatee {vcpoTrapa(yrdTai,aquarii, '• of- ferers of water"), a name given to the Encratites (q. v.) because they avoided wine, and even in the Lord's Sup- per used nothing but water. See Theodoret, Her. Fab. i, c. XX ; Bingham, Orig Eccles. bk. xv, ch. ii, § 7.
Hyemantes {winterers, or tossed by a lointer blast), an epithet given by the Latin fathers to demoniacs. — Neale's Introd. to the Hist, of the Eastern Ch. i, 209. See Energumens; Exorcist.
Hyena (^vaiva, Ecclesiasticus xiii, 18) docs not oc- cur in the A. V. of the canonical Scriptures, but is prob- ably denoted by 5'1i^ (tsabu'a, streaked or ravenous, only Jer. xii, 9 ; so Sept. vaiva, but Vulg. avis discolor, and Auth. Vers. " speckled bird"), as the context and parallelism of the preceding verse require ; an identifi- cation disputed by some, on the ground that the animal is not mentioned by ancient authors as occurring in Western Asia before the Macedonian conquest, and -was scarcely known by name even in the time of Pliny ; it has since been ascertained, however, that in Romaic or modern Greek the word krolcalos and glanos have been substituted for the ancient term hyena, and that the an- imal is still known in those regions by names cognate with the Hebrew (see Rlippel, A byss. i, 227 ; Shaw, 7'rar. 154; Kiimpfer, yl??tan. 411 sq. ; Russell's Al(ppo,u, Go sq. ; comp. Pliny, viii, 44 ; xi, 67). The only other in- stance in which it occurs is as a proper name, Zcboim (1 Sam. xiii, 18, "the valley of hyenas," Aquila ; Neh. xi, 34). See Zeboim. The Talmudical writers describe the hyena by no less than four names, of which tsabun is one"(Lewysohn, Zool. § 119). Bochart {llientz. ii, 163 sq.) and Taylor (conlinnation of Calmet) have indicated what is probably the true meaning in the above pas- sage in Jer., of j-'SlSlJ 'O'^'S, ait tsabua, the striped rusher, i. e. the hyena, turning round upon his lair— introduced after an allusion in the previous verse to the lion call- ing to the beasts of the field (other hyenas and jackals) to come and devour. This allusion, followed up as it is by a natural association of ideas with a description of tiie pastor, feeder, or rather consumer or devourer of the vineyard, treading down and destroying the vines, renders the natural and poetical picture complete ; for
i
HYGINUS
420
HYKSOS
the hyena seeks burrows and caverns for a lair; like the dog, it turns round to lie down ; howls, and occasionally acts in concert ; is loathsome, savage, insatiable in ap- petite, offensive in smell, and wUl, in the season, like canines, devour grapes. The hyena was common in an- cient as in modern Egypt, and is constantly depicted on monuments (Wilkinson, i, 213, 225) ; it must, therefore, have been well known to the Jews, as it is now very common in Palestine, where it is the last and most com- plete scavenger of carrion (Wood, Bible A7iimals,Y).i]2 sq.). Though cowardly in his nature, the hyena is verj' savage when once he attaclvs, and the strength of his jaws is such that he can crunch the tliigh-bone of an ox (Livingstone's Travels, p 600).
" Tsabua, therefore, we consider proved to be, gener- ically, the hyena ; more specifically, the Canis hycena of Linn., the Ilijnna vulgaris of more recent naturalists, the foodh of Barbary, the duh, duhbah, dabah, zabuh, and kuftaar of modern Shemitic nations ; and, if the an- cients understood anything by the word, it was also their trochus. The striped species is one of three or four — all, it seems, originally African, and, by following- armies and caravans, gradually spread over Southern Asia to beyond the Ganges, though not as yet to the east of the Bramapootra. It is now not uncommon in Asia Minor, and has extended into Southern Tartary ; but this progress is comparatively so recent that no oth- er than Shemitic names are well known to belong to it. The head and jaws of all the species are broad and strong : the muzzle truncated ; the tongue like a rasp ; the teeth robust, large, and eminently formed for biting, lacerating, and reducing the very bone; the neck stiff;
Hyena.
the body short and compact ; the limbs tall, with only four toes on each foot ; the fur coarse, forming a kind of semi-erectile mane along the back ; the tail rather short, with an imperfect brush, and with a fetid pouch beneath it. In stature the species varies from that of a large wolf to much less. Hyenas are not bold in comparison with wolves, or in proportion to their powers. They do not, in general, act collectively; they prowl chiefly in the night ; attack asses, dogs, and weaker animals ; feed most willingly on corrupt animal offal, dead camels, etc. ; and dig into human graves that are not well protected with stakes and brambles. The striped species is of a dirty ashy buff, with some obliipie black streaks across the shoulders and body, and numerous cross-bars on the legs; the muzzle and throat are black, and the tip of the tail white" (Kitto). (See Penny Cyclopaedia, s. v.) See Jackal; Wolf; Bear.
Hyginus, considered as the eighth or tenth bishop of Komc, appears to have held that station from A.D. 137 to lil. According to the Liber pontijicalis, he was a native of Athens, and before his election to the see of Eome taught philosophy. Nothing is known of his life, and the Liber pontif. merely says of him, " Clerum composuit et distribuit gradus." The Pseudo Decretals [see Decretals] ascribe to him a number of rules on Church discipline, and he is said to have introduced the customs of godfathers and Church consecrations, but this is doubtful. The Martyrologies give some the 10th, others the 11th of January,"l42, as the date of his death. Some critics deny his having been more than a simple