IGNATIUS LOYOLA
494
L H. S.
menical. It was presided over by the legate of pope Adrian II, and in it Photius and his partisans were ex- communicated, and tlieir opinions condemned. From this time Ignatius was allowed to rule the Greek Church without opposition. He died Oct. 23, 878, on which day the Greek and Eoman churches still celebrate his memory. He was buried in the church of St. Sophia, but his remains were afterwards transferred to that of St. Michael, near the Bosphorus. The details of his life are principally drawn from Nicetas David, who had known him personally. Ignatius wrote Bioc Tapaaiov Tou TTarpidpxov KiovaravrLvovTroXewQ, the Greek text of which remains impublished, but a Latin translation of it is to be found in Surius, Be prohutis Sanctorum Vitis, and in the A eta Sanctorum (Feb. 25), iii, 576 : — Bi'of Tov ayiov 'SiK:7)(p6pov, irarpiapxov Kwvar., the Greek text of which is contained in the Acta Sancto- rum. (March 12), ii, 704, Append. He also wrote other works, among them an abridgment of fifty-three fables from Babrius in Iambic verses, each fable containing only four verses. These were published at first under the name of Gabrias, Gabrius, or Babrius, in the Aldine Jisop (Venice, 1505), and afterwards under the author's real name (Ignatius Magister), in Ritterhusius's Plie- drus, and Nevelet's Mythologia ^iJsopica. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Geiie.rale, xxv, 795 ; English Cyclopmdia ; Smith, Bict. of Biographg ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist, ii, 52, 96; Neander,67i. Bist. iii, 658 sq. ; Hardwicke, CL Hist. (Middle Ages), p. 195 sq. Ignatius Loyola. See Loyola. Ignis Purgatorius. See Purgatory. Ignorance, the want of knowledge or instruction. It is often used to denote illiteracy. Mr. Locke observes that the causes of ignorance are chiefly three : 1, want of ideas ; 2, want of a discoverable connection between the ideas we have ; 3, want of tracing and examining our ideas. As respects religion, ignorance has been dis- tinguished into three sorts : 1. An invincible ignorance, in which the wiU has no part. It is an insult upon jus- tice to suppose it will punish men because they were ignorant of things which they were physically incapa- ble of knowing. 2. There is a icilful and ohstinute ignorance; such an ignorance, far from exculpating, aggravates a man's crimes. 3. A sort of voluntary ig- norance, which is neither entirely wilful nor entirely invincible, as when a man has the means of knowledge, and does not use them. — Locke, On the Umlerstanding, ii, 178 ; Grove, Moral P/nlosii]>h>/, ii, 26, 29, 64; Watts, O/i the Mind; Henderson's Buck, Theolog. Bict. s. v. See Knowledge.
Ignorantines (Latin, Fratres Tgnorantice ; French, Fr'ervs Ignoi-antins), also known as the Congregation of Christian Inst motion and Christian Schools, is the name of a Jesuitical foundation for the gratuitous instruction of poor children in sacred as well as secular learning, which was founded in France in the early part of the 18th century (1724) by the abbe de la Salle. As the object is to confine the instruction to such branches as do not conflict with, but even favor, the religious views of the Koman Catholics, virtually preparing the young, by the exclusion of all books by Protestants, to remain true to the church of their fathers, they have gradually been introduced into every Catholic country of Europe. In France this society shared at the Kevo- lution the fate of all the other religious bodies; but, under the name of Brothers of the Christian Schools, they were recalled, and re-established under Napoleon in 1806. They are now exceedingly numerous in France, Italy, and in some parts of Bohemia and Germany. IMany branches exist also in England and Ireland. In the latter country they have large educational estab- lishments, with a series of school-books Sf)ecially design- ed for Roman Catholics. The Ignorantines wear a dress very similar to that of the Jesuits.— Chambers, Cyclop. v, 517 ; Herzog, Reul-Encijklop. vi, 632.
Igumen or Hegujnen is the title of an abbey in
the male monasteries of the Greek Chiurch, more espe« cially in Russia.
Ihre, JonANN VON, a Swedish philologian, was born March 3, 1707, at Lund, and educated at the universi- ties of Upsala, Greifswald, Jena, and Halle. At the last-named high-school he afterwards lectured for a time on the Oriental languages, then travelled extensively in Germany, Holland, England, and France, and on his re- turn to his native country was appointed librarian at Upsala University. In 1737 he Avas appointed professor of poetry, and the year following professor of rhetoric, which he remained for forty years. He died Nov. 26, 1780. He distinguished himself greatly by his thor- ough investigations into the philological merits of his mother tongue, and by his labors on the Gothic version of Ulfilas, the results of which are left us in ScrijJta versionem Ulphilanam et ling. Mocso-gothicam Ulustran- tia, which were collected and edited by A. F. Biisching (Berl. 1773, 4to). This collection (wliich is very rare, as only 131 copies were printed) contains, 1. Ulphilas il- lustrutus, a series of critical observations on the readings of the Codex A rgenteus, with a preface, in which he at- tempts to prove <' that the letters of the Codex were produced by an encaustic process, the surface of the parchment having been covered with wax, on which silver-leaf was laid, and the form of the letter stamped thereon with a hot iron ;" 2. Fragmenta vers. Ulph., con- taining the portions of the Epistle to the Romans pub- lished by Knittel, with annotations ; 3. Bissertatio de originihus Ling. Lat. et Gr. inter Mossogothos reperiun- dis; 4. Be ver-bis Mcesogoth; Analecta Vlphil.,i,de Cod. A 7-gent. et litt. Goth., ii, de nominibus subst. et adject. Mce- sogoth.; 5. Be Ling. Cod. Arg.; 6. Specimen Gloss. Ul- phil.. cum prcpfationibus. An Appendix to the -work cont.iins tracts by other writers. He wrote also Be usu LXX inierpretiim in N. T. (Upsal. 1730) : — Be usu ac- centuum Ilebrmorum (ibid. 1733). See Kitto, Cyclopimdia Bib. Lit. ii, 377; Jocher, Gelehrt. Lex., Adelung's Add. ii, 2270 sq.