Ja'min (Hebrew Yamin', 'i'^'?^, lit. the i-ight hand, hence luck, as often; i. q. Felix; Sept, 'lajjitiv and T«- pir, but V. r. 'lafSiii' in 1 Chron. ii, 27, and omits in Neh. viii, 7), the name of three men. See also Benja- min.
1. The second named of the sons of Simeon (Gen. xlvi, 11; Exod. vi, 15; Numb, xxvi, 12; 1 Chron. iv, 24). B.C! 1856. His descendants were called Jajun-- ITES (Heb. Yamini', •'3'^ w"^, Sept, 'lapivi, Numb, xxvi, 12).
2. The second named of the three sons of Ram, the fourth in descent from Judah (1 Chron. ii, 26). B.C. cir. 1658.
3. One of the priests that interpreted the law to the
JAMINITE
768
JANNES
people after the return from Babylon (Neh. viii, 7). B. C. cir. 410.
Ja'minite (Numb, xxvi, 12). SeeJAiiiN,!.
Jam'lech (Heb. Ynmkk',r\b-C'^,kini/Iij; Sept. 'A^- aXi'ix V. r. 'AfiaMjK, 'hfioXox; Vuig. Jemkch), a chief- tain (X'il':) of the tribe of Simeon, apparently one of those whose family increased so greatly that they invaded the valley of Gedor in the time of Hezekiali, and dis- posscssed'the Hamites (1 Chron. iv, 34). B.C. cir. 711.
Jani'nia (lafivia v. r. 'la^vna), a Grfecized or later form of the name of the city Jabneel (q. v.), used in the Apocrypha (1 Mace, iv, 15 ; v, 58 ; x, 69 ; xv, 40), and Josephus (Anf.v, 1, 22; xiv, 4, 4; Wu?; i, 7, 7).
Jam'nite (o tv 'lafivtia, 6 InfiviTrjo), an inhabit- ant of Jamnia (2 Mace, xii, 8, 9, 40) or Jabneel (q.v.).
Janduno. See John of Janduno.
Janeway, Jacob J., D.D., a Presbyterian minis- ter of some note, was born in the city of New-York in 1774, and graduated at Columbia College in 1794. He joined tlie Presbyterians, but also served the (Dutch) Reformed Church for some time with great distinction. The infirmities of age obliged him to retire from the pastorate, and he resided the last years of his life at New Brunswick, N. J., where he died in 1858. INIr. Jane- waj^ wrote quite extensively. His most imjiortant con- tributions are commentaries on UmiKni.-:. //i/)n-irs, and Acts (Philadel. 3 vols. 18mo) ■.~Iii/< nml Ij-hUnre of the IIoU) Bible : — Revieio of Dr. Scha[foa I'rottst autism, etc. See'(Pha.) Presh. Mag. May, 1853.
Janeway, James, an English divine, was born in Hertfordshire, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. In lt')52 he left the State Church and set up a dissenting congregation (Presbyterian) at Eotherhithe. He died in 1674. Besides a life of his Imitlicr John (q. v.) and his sermons, he published 'l'h< Suinf.-i l-'.iicdnrarjeinent (1675,8vo):— rotei/or r////r//v» (lti7t;, Svo, and often) : — flearen upon Earth (1677, 8vo). See Allibone, Diet, of A uthors, i, 954 ; Hook, Ecdes. Bioij. vi, 276.
Janeway, John, a very pious and promising young man, was bom at Lilly, Hertfordshire, in 1633, of religious parents, entered Cambridge at seventeen, and at eighteen was converted, in part by means of Baxter's Sainfs Rest. He now glowed for the salvation of souls, especially of those nearly related to him ; secret prayer became his element. On leaving college, his father be- ing dead, he went to live in the family of Dr. Cox, where his health sank under his studies and labors, and he fin- ished his short course suddenly in June, 1057. His dy- ing bed was a scene of triunipli,— ^liddleton, Works, iii, 30J.
Jangling, vain (naTaioXoyia, frivolous or empty talk).
Janitores, persons appointed to take care of the doors of the cliurches in time of divine service, and to make a distinction between the faithful and the cate- chumens, and excommunicated persons, and others not entitled to admission. See Dooij/-keepeus.
Janizaries {Jeni-tsheri, "new soldiers"), a Turkish military force which was for some time rci ruilcd ficim Christiiin prisoners taken by the Tnrks, ninrr csim ciallv during the Crusades. They were origiuMdd by the Osmanli Emir Orchan, about 1330, of young Christian prisoners, which, after having been distril)uted among the Turkish husbandmen in Asia, there to learn tlie Turkish language, religion, and manners, were com- pelled to embrace Mohammedanism. Tliis treatment of Christian prisoners sprang from the MoVammedan dwtrine that " all children at their birth arc naturally disposed to Islamism," and they reasoned that, by en- forcing the conversion of the young captives to the true faith, and enrolling them in "the ranks of the army of the faithful, they were serving both their temjiorafand etenial interests. But after a time the recruiting of the Janizaries was also undertaken amo])i; the Chris-
tian subjects of the IMohammedans, and the execution of this terrible scheme inspired terror and consternation among the vanquished Christian populations of Asia Minor, Thrace, and Anatolia, where the new tax of tiesh and blood on families severed the nearest and dearest ties. For a period of 300 years it was the cus- tom to raise annually for this branch of the Turkish army no less than 1000 Christian youths ; and it is esti- mated by Von Hammer that no less than 500,000 young Christians were thus converted into Mohammedan Turk- ish soldiers (compare Creasy, Hist. Ottoman Turks, i, 21 sq.). In the second half of the 17th centurj^ the old system of filling the ranks of the Janizaries exclusively with compulsory conscripts from the Christian subjects of the Turk was finally abandoned, as the many privi- leges which these soldiers enjoyed as body-guard of the sultan, etc., induced many young Tiurks to seek admis- sion to their body. There were two classes of Janiza- ries, one regularly organized, dwelling in barracks in Constantinople and a few other towns, and whose num- ber at one time amounted to no less than 60,000, af- terwards, however, reduced to 25,000; and the other composed of irregidar troops, called Jumuks, scattered throughout all the towns of the empire, and amounting in number to 300,000 or 400,000. At the head of the whole Janizary force was the Agci, who held his ap- pointment for life, and whose power was almost with- out limit. In times of peace they acted as a police force ; in war they generally formed the resers'e of the Turkish anny, and were noted for the wdld impetuosity of their attack. But the many privileges which were bestowed on them soon began to make them very unru- ly; and their history aboimds in conspiracies, assassina- tions of sultans, viziers, agas, etc., and atrocities of everjr kind; so that, by degrees, they became more dangerous to the country than any foreign enemies. Attempts to reform or dissolve them were always un- successful, till sultan Mahmoud II, in 1826, being op- posed iu some of his measures by them in Constantino- ple, displayed the Hag of the Proplict, and succeeded in arousing on his own behalf the fanatical zeal ol' other portions of his troops. Their own aga deserted them, they were defeated, and their barracks burned, when 8000 of them perished in the flames. June 17, 1826, a proclamation announced the Janizaries forever abolish- ed. Everj'where in the empire they were persecuted until "upwards of 40,000 of these troops were annihi- lated, and an equal numlicr ihivcii into exile." See Fra- zer (the Rev. R.W.), 7 V; /.'//, . 1 //r/, at and Mo(le?-n (Lon- don, 1854, 8vo), p. 4()<; ; ( 'rcasy, ///.sV. nf Ottoman Turks, chiefly founded on A'oii Ilaninier (London, 1858, 2 vols. 8vo). Vol. ii : Knolles, Turkish History, i, 132 sq.; Mad- den (R. R.), Turkish Empire (Lond. 1862, 8vo), ch. xiii; iNIacfarland, Constantinople in 1828. (J. H. W.)