Jaii'na (\avra, prob. for Heb. t^li'}, yannah',floiir- ishinfj, although no corresponding name occurs in the O. T.), the father of Melchi and son of Joseph, named as the sixth in ascent from Christ on his mother's side (Luke iii, 24). B.C. cir. 200. See Genealogy of Cueist.
Jannaeus. See Alexander Jann^us.
Jan'nes Qlawi'jQ, probably of Egyptian etymology [see below]). Jannes and Jambres are thought to have been two of the Egyptian magicians who attempted by their enchantments (D^ipb, Exod. vii, 22, etc. ; or D'^u3fl3, Exod. vii, 11, secret arts') to counteract the in- fluence on Pharaoh's mind of the miracles wrought by Moses (see Exod. vii, viii). Their names occur nowhere in the Hebrew Scriptures, and only once in the New Testament (2 Tim. iii,.s ), where Paul saj's no more than that they "witlistood :Moses," and that their folly in doing so became manifest (2 Tim. iii, 8, 9). He became actjuaiBted with them, most probably, from an ancient Jewish tradition, or, as Theodoret expresses it, "from the unwritten teaching of the Jews." They are found frequently in the Talmudical and Rabbinicsl writings,
JANNING
1Q9
JAN O AH
I
but with some variations. Thus, for Jannes we meet with N2mi, ijnr, -liNI^, D'131^ D"'r. Of these, the last three are forms of the Hebrew "sm"', which has led to the supposition that 'lavvtjg is a contracted form of the Greek 'IwoVv?;c- Some critics (Pfeifter, Dub. vex. i, 253) consider these names to be of Egyptian origin, and in that case the Jewish WTiters must have been misled by a similarity of sound to adopt the forms above mentioned, as the Mishna (Sanhedr. 98, b; C/iol. 19, a) has done in the case of other unknown proper names (JIajus, Observat. sacr. ii, 42). For Jambres we find &-nn-2'i, 0112^11, Xn-D-a, ^'\-Z-Z, and in the Shal- sheltth Ifdkkabala (xili, 2) the two names are given 1Xi::i"i3'ai<1 "^aNT^, i. e. Johannes and Ambrosius! The Targum of Jonathan inserts them in Exod. \ii, 1 1. Tiie same writer also gives as a reason for Pharaoh's edict for the destruction of the Israelitish male children that " this monarch had a dream in which the land of Egypt apiieared in one scale and a lamb in another; that on awakening he sought for its interpretation from his wise men; whereupon Jannes and Jambres (O'^S'^ DilS^il) said, "A son is to be born in the congrega- tion of Israel who will desolate the whole land of Egypt." Several of the Jewish writers speak of Jannes .ind Jambres as the two sons of Balaam (Talmud, Jtil- hut Ruben, Ixxxi, 3), and assert that they were the youths (n"^"!"?, Auth. Version sei-vants) who went with him to the king of Jloab (Numb, xxii, 22). Arabian tradition assigns them a place in Egyptian history (see the Asiatic Journal, 1843, No. 7, p. 73). Their graves were located in Egypt (Pallad. Lausiac. 20). The Pyth- agorean philosopher Numenius mentions these persons in a passage preserved by Eusebius {Prceparatio Evany. ix, 8), and by Origen (c. Gels, iv, p. 198, ed. Spencer) ; also Pliny {Hisi. ^ai. xxx, 1), and apparently Apuleius Ajtol. p. 94). The Arabs mention the names of several magicians who opposed Closes; among them is none resembUng Jannes and Jambres (DTIcrbelot, s.v. Mous- sa Ben Amran). There was an ancient apocryphal writing entitled Jannes and Mambres, which is referred to by Origen {in Matt. Comment. § 117; Opera, v, 29), and by Ambrosiaster, or Hilary the Deacon : it was con- demned b}'' pope Gelasius. — Kitto.
Jannes appears to be a transcription of the Egyptian name Aan, probably pronounced Jan. It was tlie no- men of two kings: one of the eleventh dynasty, the father or ancestor of Sesertesen I of the twelfth ; the other, according to our arrangement, fourth or fifth king of the fifteenth dynasty, called by jNIanctho TaVi'af or 'lai'iag (Josephus), or ^raciv (Africanus). See Poole, Jlorce ^Eijijptiacce, p. 174 sq. There is also a king bear- ing the name Annu, whom we assign to the second dy- nasty {llor. Auj. p. 101). The significations of Aiin is doubtful: the cognate word Aiint means a valley or plain. The earlier king Aan may be assigned to the 21st century B.C. ; the later one is thought to have been the second predecessor of Joseph's Pharaoh. This shows that a name which may be reasonably supposed to be the original of Jannes was in use at or near the period of the sojoiurn in Egypt. The names of the ancient Egyptians were extremely numerous, and veri' fluctua- ting in use; generally, the most prevalent at any time were those of kuigs then reigning or not long dead. — Smith.
See Wetstenii Nov. Test. Grwc. ii, 3G2 ; Buxtorf, Lex. Tahn. Rabb. col. 945 ; Lightfoot's Sermon on Jannes and Jambres (in Works, vii, 89) ; Erubhin, or Miscellanies, oh. xxiv (in Works, iv, 33) ; Lardner's Credibilit//, pt. ii, ch. XXXV (in ll'orfo, vii, 381) ; Fahric. Pseudepiyr. V. T. i, 813 ; Thilo, Cod. Ajwcrijph. i, 553 ; the dissertations be Janne et Jambre of Zentgrav (Argent. 1699) ; Gro- tius (Hafn. 1707) ; Michaelis (Hal. 1747) ; and Hermann, De pseudothaumaturgio Pharaonis (Jen. 1745).
Janning, Cosrad, a Dutch theologian, was born at Gronuigen Nov. 16, 1650. He receiveil his early edu-
rv'.— c c c
cation from his uncle, J. Tinga, a pastor at Groningen. As his parents were devoted Romanists, they were un- willing to have him educated at the Protestant univer- sity of his native citj'. He was therefore sent to a Jes- uit CoUege in Westjjhalia, and afterwards to Antwerp. In 1079 he was associated with the BoUandists in the gigantic labor of preparing the Acta Sanctorum. In 1661 he visited Home, where he completed his theolog- ical studies, and was consecrated to the priesthood. In Home and throughout Italy, and on his whole route, he collected materials for tlie above-named work. He re- turned to Antwerp in 1686, but soon made another tour, visiting diiferent parts of (Germany and Bohemia in quest of further materials. In 1697 he again went to Home, and rendered important service in the work to which his life was devoted. To his indefatigable labors this stupendous task is under very great obligations, as thirteen volumes are ascribed to his pen. Different judgments may be formed of this work. Prof. H. De Groot, of the Groningen University, a man of eminent attainments in Church History, and distinguished by his writings in this department, thus speaks of the Avork of the BoUandists: ''With many fables and worthless legends, they communicate a great number of important biographies, elucidated generally with great learning, and in the earlier portions, for tlie most part, also with impartiality. For a knowledge of Church History in the primitive times, and, above all, in the Middle Ages, both the lives and the elucidations are often of inesti- mable value." Janning died August 13, 1723. See B. Glasius, Godf/eleerd Nederhmd, ii, 159 sq. ; Gesckiedenis der Clu'istelijke Kerk, door Profs. De Groot, Ter Haar, Kist, jNIoll, etc., v, 34. (J. P. W.)