Januarius is a name inider which some fourteen martyrs are luinored in the licmian Catholic Church. A gens Janiuirid, or family of that name, is found among the old inscriijtions. There is a monument in Turin to the memory of a certain Januarius Vintius. The name seems to have belonged especially to Africa and South' ern Italy. Its popularity is proved by the large num- ber of martyrs bearing it, which is surpassed by few others (perhaps Alexander, Felix, John, etc.). The best known among them is St. Januarius, bishop of Bene- vento, who was beheaded in the early part of the 4th centurj' (according to the NeapoUtan tradition, at Poz- zuoli, where many Christians suffered a Uke fate, in 305). The saint's day is Sept. 19. Januarius is the patron saint of Naples. His head and blood, preserved in vials and looked upon as hoi}' relics, are kept in the chapel El Tesoro, in the cathedral of Naples, where they were placed Jan. 13, 1497. According to tradition, a pious woman gathered at the place of his execution two bot- tles of his blood, and presented them to bishop Severus of Naples. On three festivals each year, the chief of which is the day of the martyrdom, Sept. 19, and on occasions of public danger or calamity, as earthquakes or eruptions, the head and the phials of the blood are carried in solemn (irocession to the high altar of the ca- thedral, or of the church of St. Clare, where, after prayer of greater or less duration, the blood, on the phials being brought into contact with the head, is believed to lique- fy, and in this condition is presented for the veneration of the people, or for the conviction of the doubter. It occasionally happens that a considerable time elapses before the liquefaction takes place, and sometimes it al- together fails. The latter is regarded as an omen of the worst import ; and on those occasions when the mir- acle is delayed beyond the ordinary' time, the alarm and j excitement of the congregation rise to the highest pitch, I as it is represented in such a case to be an evil sign for ; the city and the people. The blood is exposed three times even,- year, particularly on the first Sunday in May, j and in cases of especial public af'riiction. The process of the performance of this so-called miracle is kept secret I by the clergy of Naples. Of late years the liquefaction I of the blood was interpreted as a sign of the saint's good- will towards the government; but it has done so for Ferdinand II, for (iarif)aldi, and for Victor Emanuel with j e(iual ease, which would seem to indicate that the saint is indifferent to the political fate at least of his devout I worshippers. Addison, in his Travels, speaks of the I performance (in his notices of Naples) thus: "I had ! twice an opportunity of seeing the operation of this pre- tended miracle, and must confess that, so far from think- ing it a real miracle, I look upon it as one of the most . huwjlhif] tricks I ever saiv."
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Another Januarius, said to have suifered under FeHx, has Jan. 7 assis^ned to him in the Martyrologiiim of the Komish Church. Still another, said to have suffered martyrdom in Africa with Paul and Gerontius, has Jan. 19. Veda names April 8 for a Januarius of Africa, along with Macaria and Maxima. July 10 is kept in honor of two saints of like name, one of which belonged to the seven sons of Felicitas, who are said to have been put to death towards the end of the 2d century at Rome ; the other suffered martyrdom in Africa with Felix and Na- bor. Their remains were transferred to Milan. July 11 is sacred to a Januarius who died at Nicopolis. An- other suffered martyrdom at Carthage, together with Philippus, Catulinus^ etc., Jidy 15. A Januarius, togeth- er with Felicissimus and Agapetus, fell a martyr under Decius at Rome, and the Church observes Aug. 6 in his memory. October 13 is the anniversary of the Spanish martyr's Faustus and Januarius, who suffered at Cordova. On Oct. 24 there is mention made of a Januarius who, after being long persecuted, was, together with Felix, Audactus, etc., put to death and buried near Carthage. The island of Sardinia has also a Januarius, in whose honor they keep Oct. 25. On Dec. 2 we find a Janua- rius, with Severus, etc.; and another in Africa Dec. 15. See Herzog, Reul-EncyUopddie, vi, 433 sq. ; Pierer, Univ. Lex. s. v. ; Wetzer mid Welte, Kirchen-Lex. v, 500 ; Zell, Rvmische Ejiigraphik, ii, 88 ; Monumenta Taiiriiimsia, ii, 119; J.G.Kejsler, A'eueste lieisen (Hanov. 1751) ; Ada Sancia, vol. vi ; Chambers, Cydopced, s. v. ; Broughton, Biblioth. Hist. Sac. i, 502.
Ja'mim (Heb. Yaimm', D^lS'^, slumher, otherwise for "^m"^, projKtffuHon ; Septuag. 'lavoufi v. r. 'Is/jaiV, Vulg. Janwi), a town in the mountains of Judah, mentioned between Eshean and Beth-tappuah (Josh, xv, 53). The Hcb. text has Q'2'i (as if Yanim', CS^) by a manifest error, which is corrected in the Masoretic marg. ; many copies have Yamts', '0^'i'^, flight, as in the Eng. margin "Janus." The Sy.iac version has Yulum. Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. 'lavovit) mentions a place, Janua, three miles south of Legio, but admits that it cannot be the locality in question. M, de Saulcy {Nur. i, 437) thinks the site may possibly be marked by the ruins ofJenheh, at the foot of a hill nearly south of Hebron ; but, accord- ing to Dr. Robinson, the remains are little more than those of caves (Bib. Res. ii, 472). The associated names appear to indicate a district immediately iiorth-wcst of Hebron (Keil, Comment, on .Tosh, ad loc). The position corresponds with that of a ruined site, RasJahreh, mark- ed on the first edition of Van dc Veldc's map immedi- ately on the west of the road directly north from He- bron to Jerusalem, and adjoining Khurbet en-Nasara; but the second edition of the map omits both these sites, though the latter is explicitly mentioned in the lifemoir (p. 247) as "a ruined village" visited by him as weU as by Dr. Kobinson {Researches, i, 317). Jaiius. See Jaxuji.