Jat'tir (Heb. Yattir', -iipi;: [in Josh, xv, 48, else- where " defectively" '•V}':], pre-eminent ; Sept. 'It^fp or 'It^tp), a city in the mountains of Judah (Josh, xv, 48, where it is named between Shamir and Socoh) assigned to the priests (Josh, xxi, 14; 1 Chron. vi, 57). It was one of the places in the south where David used to haunt in liis freebooting days, and to his friends in which he sent gifts from the spoil of the enemies of Jehovah (1 Sam. XXX, 27). The two Ithrite heroes of David's guard (2 Sam. xxiii. 38; 1 Chron. xi, 40) were possibly trom Jattir, Uving memorials to him of his early difli-
culties. According to Eusebius and Jerome {Onomast. s. V. Jether), it v.-as in their day a very large hamlet in- habited by Christians, twenty Koman miles from Eleu- theropolis, in the district of the Daroma, near Slolatha (Eeland, Palcest. p. 885). It is named by Hap-Parchi, the Jewish traveller; but the passage is defective, and little can be gathered from it (Zunz, in Asher's Benj. of Tudela, ii, 442). The required position answers nearly to that of the modern village of 'A ttir, discovered by Dr. Eobinson {Reseairhes, ii, 194, 625) in this region, " marked by caves upon a hill" (comp. Wilson, Lands of Bible, i, 353), and situated fifteen miles south of He- bron, and five north of Moladah (Schwarz, Palestine, p. 105). It contains extensive ruins (Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 388).
Jauffret, Gaspard Jean Axdre Joseph, a French Eoman Catholic theologian, was born at La Roque-Bnis- sane, Provence, Dec. 13, 1759. He was educated at Tou- lon and Aix, then entered the Church, and was made canon of AiUp. He subsequently went to Paris, where he continued his theological studies under the priests of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, and in 1791 established the pe- riodical Annales de la Religion et du Sentiment, aimed against the civil constitution of the clergy. He after- wards became one of the editors of the A nnules Pelig- ieuses. About 1801 he acted as vicar-general of cardinal Fesch, at Lyon, during the lattfir's embassy to Rome, and he here labored with the people to reconcile them to the Concordat. Cardinal Fesch subsequently called him to Paris, where Jauffret established a number of religious societies, and obtained many privileges for divers con- gregations of monks and nuns through the influence of his patron. Made chaplain of the emperor, he was in July, 1800, appointed bishop of IMetz, and consecrated Dec. 3 of the same year, still retaining his imperial chap- lainc)-. This position he improved by establishing a number of seminaries and Roman Catholic schools of all kinds. In 1810 he was one of the persons sent to meet the archduchess Maria Louisa, and subsequently became her confessor. In 1811 he was rewarded for his zeal in promoting the divorce of Napoleon from his flrst wife by the archbishopric of Aix; but he never really held this position, on account of the difficulties between the pope and the emperor, and finally felt constrained to renounce it. He died at Paris May 13, 1823. He wrote De la Religion a VAssemhlee Nationale (1790-1, 8vo; often re- printed under divers titles) : — Du Culte public (1795, 2 vols. 8vo ; 3d ed. 1815) : — Memoire jjour servir a Vllist. de la Religion et de la Philosophic (Anon. Paris, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo), besides a number of controversial and practi- cal works. See Ami de la Religion et du Roi, xxxvi, 65-74 ; Chronique Religieuse, vi, 289-305 ; Querard, La France Littiraire. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxvi, 410 sq. (J. N. P.) '
Java, an island in the Malay archipelago, and, after Sumatra and Borneo, the largest in the Sunda group; is the principal seat of the Dutch power in the East. The island is 630 miles long, by 35 to 120 miles broad, and has an area of 49,730 square miles. The population has very rapidly increased since the beginniiig of the 19th century. '\Yhile in 1812 it amounted only to 4.500,000 inhabitants, it numbered in 1845 9,560,000 (of whom 106,033 were Chinese, 31,216 Arabs, 16,308 Europeans and their descendants, and 5111 slaves) ; in 1864, 13.649.680 (2(5.460 Euroiieans, and 156,390 Chinese); and in 1869, 15,57;!.()il(l (Europeans. 29,139; Chinese, 172,280). The nati\ cs belong to the Malay race, but to two different nations — the Javanese in the east, and the less numerous Sundanese in the west. The Javanese are a peaceable, frugal, and industrious people, who have made greater progress in agriculture than any other people of Asia except the Chinese and Japanese. In 1327 Java was invaded by the Arabs, who subjuga- ted the whole island, and established in it the Moham- medan religion and customs. Only in the remote moun- tains a few thousand worshippers of Buddha and Brah- ma remain. The ruins of manj"^ temples, images, and
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