tombs prove, however, that at an early period Brah- manism struck deep root among the people. Tlie Portuguese, who came to Java in 1579, as well as the English who arrived later, were exiJcUed by the Dutch, who established themselves in Java in 1594, and steadily advanced in the conquest of the island nntil only two native states were left — Soerakarta, or Solo, with 090,000 inhabitants, and Djodjkarta, with 340,000 inhabitants. From 1811 to 1810 the island was xmdor the rule of the British, who had conipiered it, but in 1810 it was restored to the Dutch. In consequence of the bad administration a number of outbreaks took place, among which, in particular, tliat of Djepo Negoro, in 1825, was very dangerous, until at length the gov- ernors. Van der Capellen and Jan van den Busch, suc- ceeded, by encouraging agriculture, and by other meas- ures, in developing the productivity anti prosperity of the island to a high degree. In accordance with a decree of Jan. 1, 1800, slavery was abolished in Java, as well as in all the Dutch colonies. During the rule of the Tortugucse the Catholic missionaries formed some na- tive congregations, of which only a few remnants are left at Batavia and Depok. The Dutch government was decidedly opposed to missionary labor, and Protes- tant missions were not begun until the island passed, in 1811, under the rule of England. The first society in the field was the London IMissionary (since 1813), which was soon followed by the English Baptists. But both societies confined their efforts chiefly to the Chinese and the jMalays. Their missionaries -were allowed to remain after the restoration of the Dutch administration, but they had to submit to many restrictions, until, in 1842, all non-Dutch missionaries in the Dutch colonies were f(!rl)id(k'n to perform any missionary labors. Thus only the Kottonlam Missionary Society, which had begun its operations in Batavia and the neighborhood in 1820, was able to continue the missionary work. A new im- pulse was given to the labors of this society by a journey of visitation on the part of its inspector. A mission sta- tion was established at Samarang, and a second very promising field opened in the province of Surabaya, witli IModjo Warno as centre, whence the mission extended to Kediri and Malang. The society, in 1800, supported in Java three missionaries and several native agents. In 1851 a society for home and foreign missions was formed at Batavia, with which the Dutch section of the Java Committee at Amsterdam associated itself. The society labored in Batavia and the neighborhood, in particular among the JMalays and Chinese, and took sev- eral brethren of the Society of Gossner into its service. In 1854 the jMennonite Missionary Society at Amster- dam (Doopgezinde Vereeniging) began its operations at DJapara, ^vhile the Nederland Zendings Vereeniging, which was established in 1858, opened missions among the Sundanese, to whom it has also undertaken to give a translation of the Bible. It employed in 1800 five missionaries, and had four stations. The Nederl. Gere- formeerde Zendings Vereeniging has also established several missions (in 1800 three missionaries) in Java, and the Utrecht Missionary Society has begun mission- ary operations on the neighboring island of Bali, where Buddhism is still prevalent. The Dutch government continues to be. anything but favorable to the missions, but patronizes the diffusion of education, and has re- cently established for that purpose a native normal school at Bandong. The Roman Catholic Church has a vicar apostolic in the city of Batavia. The govern- ment pays the salaries of eight priests. The Catholic popidation consists almost exclusively of Dutch soldiers and Indo-Portuguese Newcomb, Cyclopwdia of Mis- sions ; Grundemann, Missions- A Has ; Wetzcr u. Weltc, Kirchen-Lexikon, xii, 509, 591. (A. J. S.)
Javan (Hebrew Yavan', "^^, of foreign origin), the name of a person (borrowed from that of his descend- ants) and also of a citj-.
1. (Sept. 'lavav in Gen. x, 2, 4; 'lavav in 1 Chron. i, 5, 7 ; J/ "EWac in Isa. Ixvi, 19 and Ezek. xxvii, 13 ; else-
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