AYe must not, however, in this connection, fail to no- tice the famous bridfje mentioned bj' Josephus (A nt. xiv, 4, 2 ; War, i, 7, 2 ; ii, IG, 3 ; vi, 6, 2 ; vi, 8, 1) as having anciently connected the hill Zion with the Temple near its south-west angle. Dr. Robinson (who was in I'al- estine in 1838, and published his book in 1841) claims
on. It appears that the gates in this - specific names.
(4.) The language of Josephus im- plies that after the sweep of the v.-all (in its general northern course) at the tower Psephinos, it took, on the whole, a pretty direct line till it passed cast of the Monuments of Helena. Itshoi;! I therefore be drawn with a slight cuvm' from the old foundations above refer- red to (north-east of Psephinos) to the base of a rocky eminence just to tlir north of the present north-west ro::ii. upon which, we think, must be pln.n! tho monuments in question (Jn. ; - phuS, A nt. XX, 4, 3).
(5.) The next point referred U> \>y Josephus is the lioijal VauJis, wlii : have been with most probability ii li ' tified with the ruins still found on i u north of the city at and around the " Tombs of the Kings."
(6.) Next in Josephus's description comes the Corner Tower, at which the wall bent in a verv marked man-
//'->
4
at the !-uutli we^t uigle ol the leniple \iei
ner (hence doubtless the name), evidently on meeting '\ three ranges of immense stones still jutting out fr<
the Valley of Jehoshaphat,
For the rest of the wav the wall therefore must have
the Haram wall at this point ; whereas Dr. Olin (who visited Palestine in 1840, and published in 1843) asserts
followed the ridge of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and our j that this relic had hitherto been unmentioned bv any
only task is to identify points of interest along it.
(7.) A little to the east of this corner tower, in the retreating angle of the wall, which accommodates a sm:Ul ravine setting up soutiiward from the Valley of JeiiDshaphat, we locate the (jate which Titus was ap- proaching when he met the above-mentioned sally.
(8.) The last point mentioned by Josephus is the Fuller's Monum('nt,\\-\\\c\i we. locate on the eminence not very far east of the above gate, and it would thus be the north-east corner of the outer wall. Amid the numer- | ous sepulchral caves, however, with which the whole face of the hill is perforated, it is impossible to identify any one in particular.
From this point the wall naturally returned in a dis- tinctly southern course, along the edge of 'he valley, until it joined the ramparts of the court of Antonia, at the tower of Hananeel. Although there is no allusion to any ^a^' along this part, yet there could scarcely have
traveller, although well known to the citizens of Jerusa- lem {Travels, ii, 26). The controversy v.diich arose on the subject was closed by a letter from the Kev. H. A, Homes, of Constantinople, stating that the existence and probable character of the remains in question ^^•ere suggested in his presence to Dr. Robinson by the mis- sionaries then resident at Jerusalem. The excavations of the English engineers on the spot have demonstrated the truth of the identification thus proposed. See Tkm-
1>LE.
Doubtless Jerusalem anciently, like all other cit- ies, had definite quarteis or districts where particular classes of citizens especially resided, but there was not the same difference in religion which constitute such marked divisions within the bounds of the modern city. It is clear, however, as well from the great antiquity of the Upper City, as from its being occupied in part by palaces, that it was the special abode of the nobility (so
JERUSALEM
851
JERUSALEM
ICVCLofHARAMARCA
Recovery of the Pier of the ancient Arch across the Tyro- poeou at the south-west corner of the Temple. (From Lieutenant Warren's Sketch, August 2-2, ISGS, in Tracings of the "Palestine Exploration Fund.")
to speak), including perhaps the higher order of the priesthood. Ophel appears (from Noh. iii, 20; x, 21) to have been the general residence of the Levites and low- er officers connected with the Temple. Tlie Lower City, or Acra, woidd therefore constitute the chief seat of busi- ness, and consequently of tradesmen's and mechanics' residence, while Bezetha would be inliabited by a mis- cellaneous population. There are, besides these general sections, but three particular districts, the names of which have come down to us ; these are :
(1.) Belhso, which is named by Josephus as lying along the western side of the first wall ; but we are ig- norant of its extent or special appropriation.
(2.) Millo is mentioned in several places in the Old Testament (2 Sam. v, 9; 1 Kings ix, 15,24; xi, 27; 2 Kings xii, 20) in such connections as to imply that it was the name of some tract adjoining Zion in the inte- rior of the city, and we have therefore ventured to identify it with the space so singularly inclosed by the walls on the north side of the bridge. See jMii.lo. *
(3.) The Suburbs mentioned by Josephus {Ant. xv, IG, 5) as the cpiarter to which the middle two of the four western Temple-gates led, ■we think, must be not simply Bezetha in general (which was separated from the Tem- ple by the intervening Lower City), but rather the low ground (naturally, therefore, indifferently inhabited) ly- ing immediately north of Zion and in the upper expan- sion of the Tyropoeon, including a tract on both sides of the beginning of the second wall.