Jochanan Bar-Napacha, a distinguished rabbi, was born in Judiua about A. D. 170. He is said to have studied under Judah Hakkodesh and other Jewish teach- ers, and is believed to have formed a school of his own at Tiberias when quite a youth. His history, Uke that of all other distinguislicd rabbis of that period, has been so intermingled with extraordinary legends that it is well- nigh impossible to arrive at anything definite concern- ing his life. So much appears certain, that he lived to a very old age, instructing very nearly to his last hour (in 279). He is by some Hebraists supposed to collected all the works written on the Jerusalem
hav(
Talmud (q. v.) ; but this seems unreasonable. See J. Fiirst, Biblioth. .Tudaica, ii, 94, 99 ; Griitz, Geschichte der .Tuden, iv, 285 sq. See Judah hak-Kodesh. (J. H. W.)
Jochanan Ben-Zachai. a Jewish rabbi of some note, and contemporary of the celebrated Gamaliel II, whom he succeeded in the patriarchal dignity, was born about B.C. 50. But little is known of his personal historj'. He is said to have been a decided peace man, and to have greatly discouraged any revolutionary efforts of his suffering countrymen, this may account for the esteem in which he was held at the court of Vespasian, ! who was ahvavs found readv to oblige liis Jewish friend.
, s regarded as the restorer of Jew-
struggle with the Israelites ish learning and scliolastic habits after the destruction
4 Tho firat „„„„! r»i ,.o. , . "f the Temple, bv the founding of a school at Jabneh, of Ws wive^ 1 lo-Si or W^Tm f *?f '^%T ^•^' '''' '""'^ " "^^' sanhedrim, of which he was the first presi- althouZppamU J t^^,^'^^^TS^ "''''' '"^^l P^-"^--^ ^° ^^e unfortunate and disp'ersed cir. 1 6 i 2. ^ ^ "• ""• ^^ '^•^■< l'*''*^ another centre in place of the lately-destroyed cap-
5 Oiip nf tiio "=«r.o" ,.f Ti 1 ,■ • »„ i ital. How long he served his people at Jabneh is not «t j;rusale™ (^ Chrl vHi iHTur "/ ? ^""''"^"' "'^'^ '^""^"^= ''^'^^ "-'J'"- to put it at about ten vears
Jerusalem (1 Chron. ^ in, 18), B.C. probably cir. 588. | (comp. Frankel, Monatsschrift [1852. p. 201 sq.]) " "
He
JOCHANAN
939
JOEL, BOOK OF
I
died about A.D. 70. For details, sec Griitz, Gesch. der Juden, iv, ch. i ; Basnat;e, Hist, des Juifs, v, 15 scj. ; ix, 95 sq. (J.H.W.)
Jochanan of Gischala. See John of Gischa-
LA.
Joch'ebed (Heb. Yoke'hed, ISSi^, Jehovah is her (jlory; Sept. 'IwxnlHo or 'Iuixaf3e5), the wife of Am- ram, and mother of Miriam, Aaron, and Moses (Numb. xxvi, 59). B.C. 1738. In Exod. vi, 20 she is expressly declared to have been the sister of Amram's father, and consequently the aunt of her husband. As marriage between persons thus relatod was afterwards forbidden by the law (Lev. xviii, 12), various attempts have been made to show that the relationship was more distant than the text in its literal meaning indicates. But the mere mention of the relationship implies that there was something remarkable in the case. The fact seems to be, that where this marriage was contracted there was no law forbidding such alliances, but they must in any case have been unusual, although not forbidden; and this, with the writer's knowledge that they were subse- quently interdicted, sufficiently accounts for this one being so pointedly mentioned. The candor of the his- torian in declaring himself to be sprung from a mar- riage afterwards forbidden by the law, delivered through himself, deserv'es especial notice. — Kitto. In Numb. xxvi, 59, Jochebed is stated to have been " the daugh- ter of Levi, whom her mother bore to Levi in Egypt," from which it likewise appears that she was literally the sister of Kohath, Levi's son and Amram's father (Exod.vi, 16, 18. On the chronology, see Brown's Ordo Siedorum, p. 301). The courage and faith of this ten- der mother in braving Pharaoh's edict by her ingenious secretion and subsequent exposure of the infant Closes (Exod. ii, 1-10) are alluded to with commendation by the apostle (Heb. xi, 23), and were signally rewarded by divine providence ; to her pious examjjlo and precepts the future lawgiver doubtless owed much of that integ- rity which so eminently characterized liim. See Moses.
Jo'da ('Itoea), a corrupt form (1 Esdr. v, 58) of the name of Judah (q. v), the Levite (Ezra iii, 9).
Jo'ed (Heb. Yoed', 'll'l'l'^, Jehovah is his witness ; Sept. 'l(uao), son of Pedaiab, father of Meshullam, and grandfather of Sallu, which last was one of the Benja- mites who resided in Jerusalem after the captivity (Neh. xi, 7). B.C. considerably ante 538.
Jo'el (Heb. Yoel', ^Nl'"', Jehovah is his God; Sept. and N. T. Tw/jX), the name of at least twelve men.
1. The oldest of the two sons of Samuel, appointed by him as judges in Beer-sheba, where their maladmin- istration led to the popular desire for a monarchy (1 Sara, viii, 2). See Samuel. In 1 Chron. vi, 26, by a clerical error, he is called Yashni (q. v.). B.C. cir. 1094. He appears to have been the father of Heman, the Levitical singer (1 Chron. vi, 33; xv, 17).
2. A descendant of Reuben (but by what line does not appear), and father of Shemaiah or Shema, several incidents in the historv of whose posterity are related (1 Chron. v, 4, 8). B.C. considerably ante" 1092.